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Nature

An integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network over 4,600 kilometres

Yu-Ao Chen, Qiang Zhang, Teng‐Yun Chen, Wenqi Cai, Sheng‐Kai Liao, Jun Zhang, Kai Chen, Juan Yin, Ji-Gang Ren, Zhu Chen, Shenglong Han, YU Qing, Ken Liang, Fei Zhou, Xiao Yuan, Meisheng Zhao, Tian‐Yin Wang, Xiao Qiang Jiang, Liang Zhang, Wei-Yue Liu, Yang Li, Qi Shen, Yuan Wen Cao, Chao‐Yang Lu, Rong Shu, Jianyu Wang, Li Li, Nai-Le Liu, Feihu Xu, Xiang‐Bin Wang, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Jian-Wei Pan

Published Jan 6, 2021• 1,044 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1038/s41586-020-03093-8

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Space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGIN) are one of the most promising advanced paradigms in the sixth generation (6G) communication. SAGIN can support high data rates, low latency, and seamless network coverage for interconnected applications and services. However, communications in SAGIN are facing tremendous security threats from the everincreasing capacity of quantum computers. Fortunately, quantum key distribution (QKD) for establishing secure communications in SAGIN, i.e., QKD over SAGIN, can provide information-theoretic security. To minimize the QKD deployment cost in SAGIN with heterogeneous nodes, in this paper, we propose a resource allocation scheme for QKD over SAGIN using stochastic programming. The proposed scheme is formulated via two-stage stochastic programming (SP), while considering uncertainties such as security requirements and weather conditions. Under extensive experiments, the results clearly show that the proposed scheme can achieve the optimal deployment cost under various security requirements and unpredictable weather conditions.
In the upcoming 6G era, existing ground networks have evolved toward space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGIN), providing ultra-high data rates, seamless network coverage, and ubiquitous intelligence for communications of applications and services. However, conventional communications in SAGIN still face data confidentiality issues. Fortunately, the concept of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) over SAGIN is able to provide information-theoretic security for secure communications in SAGIN with quantum cryptography. Therefore, in this article, we propose quantum-secured SAGIN (Q-SAGIN) which are feasible to achieve proven secure communications using quantum mechanics to protect data channels between space, aerial, and ground nodes. Moreover, we propose a universal QKD service provisioning framework to minimize the cost of QKD services under the uncertainty and dynamics of communications in Q-SAGIN. In this framework, fiber-based QKD services are deployed in passive optical networks with the advantages of low loss and high stability. Moreover, the widely covered and flexible satellite-and UAV-based QKD services are provisioned as a supplement during the real-time data transmission phase. Finally, to examine the effectiveness of the proposed concept and framework, a case study of Q-SAGIN in the Metaverse is conducted where uncertain and dynamic factors of the secure communications in Metaverse applications are effectively resolved in the proposed framework.