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A Review on Quantum Circuits: Qubits, Qudits, Reversible Logic Circuits and its Applications

Nilay Awasthi

Published Jan 1, 2020• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Quantum Computing has already stepped into the world and is also fostering research in many domains. The efficiency and reliability of Quantum efficiency is limited by the Hardware implementation resources existing now. Various domains of qubit implementation have been explored, for coming down to the conclusion, that which is the best implementation of the qubit. Further, the concept of qudits is also been initiated in the research industry and is been explored. In this paper, we explore the various domains of different qubit implementation, shed light on qudits and present the designing of reversible gate which are used for making reversible circuits.

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Quantum Computing has already stepped into the world and is also fostering research in many domains. The efficiency and reliability of Quantum efficiency is limited by the Hardware implementation resources existing now. Various domains of qubit implementation have been explored, for coming down to the conclusion, that which is the best implementation of the qubit. Further, the concept of qudits is also been initiated in the research industry and is been explored. In this paper, we explore the various domains of different qubit implementation, shed light on qudits and present the designing of reversible gate which are used for making reversible circuits.
Abstract — Reversible logic is one of the most vital issue at present time and it has different areas for its application, those are low power CMOS, quantum computing, nanotechnology, cryptography, optical computing, DNA computing, digital signal processing (DSP), quantum dot cellular automata, communication, computer graphics. It is not possible to realize quantum computing without implementation of reversible logic. The main purposes of designing reversible logic are to decrease quantum cost, depth of the circuits and the number of garbage outputs. This paper provides the basic reversible logic gates, which in designing of more complex system having reversible circuits as a primitive component and which can execute more complicated operations using quantum computers. The reversible circuits form the basic building block of quantum computers as all quantum operations are reversible. This paper presents the data relating to the primitive reversible gates which are available in literature and helps researches in designing higher complex computing circuits using reversible gates.
Increasing miniaturization and demand of low power electronics is highly motivating research on reversible logic. Reversible logic has attracted signification attention in fields of Low power VLSI design, computer graphics, quantum computing and communication. A lot of work has been done on synthesis and optimization of reversible circuits followed by quantitative analysis on various optimization metrics like ancillary inputs, garbage outputs and quantum cost. It is therefore obvious to present a quick guide on reversible logic implementation to bridge gap between theory and implementation. Taxonomy diagrams of work done in reversible logic domain are also presented to give a quick review of all about reversible logic. Quantum realization of popular reversible Fredkin gates using RCViewer tool is also presented which will be stepping stone for a new researcher to synthesize and optimize any complex reversible logic based circuit.
In recent years, reversible logic circuits have applications in the emerging field of digital signal processing, optical information processing, quantum computing and nano technology. Reversibility plays an important role when computations with minimal energy dissipation are considered. The main purpose of designing reversible logic is to decrease the number of reversible gates, garbage outputs, constant inputs, quantum cost, area, power, delay and hardware complexity of the reversible circuits. This paper reveals a comparative review on various reversible logic gates. This paper provides some reversible logic gates, which can be used in designing more complex systems having reversible circuits and can execute more complicated operations using quantum computers. Future digital technology will use reversible logic gates in order to reduce the power consumption and propagation delay as it effectively provides negligible loss of information in the circuit. Keywords: Garbage output, Power dissipation, quantum cost, Reversible Gate, Reversible logic,
The futuristic computing is desired to be more power full with low-power consumption.That is why quantum computing has been a key area of research for quite some time and is getting more and more attention.Quantum logic being reversible, a significant amount of contributions has been reported on reversible logic in recent times.Reversible circuits are essential parts of quantum computers, and hence their designs are of great importance.In this paper, designs of reversible circuits are proposed using a recently proposed reversible gate for arithmetic and logic operations to implement various micro-operations (simple add and subtract, add with carry, subtract with borrow, transfer, incrementing, decrementing etc., and logic operations like XOR, XNOR, complementing etc.) in a reversible computer like quantum computer.The two new reversible designs proposed here for half adder and full adders are also used in the presented reversible circuits to implement various microoperations.The quantum costs of these designs are comparable.Many of the implemented micro-operations are not seen in previous literatures.The performances of the proposed circuits are compared with existing designs wherever available.
One of the main motivations for using ternary logic systems is the amount of information per circuit line is higher as compared to the corresponding binary logic representation, thereby leading to more compact circuit realizations. This is particularly attractive for quantum computing as qutrits are expensive resources and minimizing their number is one of the main objectives during synthesis. Therefore, ternary reversible logic synthesis has drawn significant attention among researchers. It deals with fundamental unit of information called qutrits that can exist in one of the three states |0>, |1> and |2>. Hence, the aim of this paper is to bridge the knowledge gap for the beginners in this domain than searching the entire space. Therefore, the present work discusses the basic concepts of ternary reversible logic and ternary reversible gates. The detailed discussion of the various ternary reversible logic synthesis will enable the beginners in this domain to understand the ternary reversible logic in a better way.
Quantum computing has been attracting increasing attention in recent years because of the rapid advancements that have been made in quantum algorithms and quantum system design. Quantum algorithms are implemented with the help of quantum circuits. These circuits are inherently reversible in nature and often contain a sizeable Boolean part that needs to be synthesized. The logic design of such quantum circuits constitutes a non-trivial task and, hence, have heavily been investigated by researchers in the recent past. This paper provides a brief overview of these research. We review the major steps to be conducted in the logic design of quantum circuits and provide a sketch for each single step. These descriptions are enriched with discussions as well as references to the respective related work.