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Ispitivanje narušenja Paulijeva principa traženjem X-zraka iz zabranjenih prijelaza u olovu

Marijana Filipašić

Published Oct 21, 2020• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The Pauli principle of exclusion forbids for two fermions to be in the same quantum state while there are in the same system. It has significant meaning, but his cause is still not explained. Because of his meaning there is a significant interest in searching for his violation even if it is in a small measure. Generally, search for Pauli principle violation can be done in two ways. There can be a search for atoms or cores that are already violating the principle or there can be a search for forbidden transition that violates the principle. In this dissertation, Pauli principle violation is sought by looking for X-rays that would be characteristic of the forbidden transition in lead. The radiation spectrum of lead through which current is not passed and through which current is passed is measured by using two HPGe detectors. Total measurement time for each type of measurement is 874 h. The measurement results are calibrated and summed. The summed graphs for measurements without current and with current are subtracted. The expected difference is around zero, but the final difference in the measurements is not in this area, so it is necessary to examine why the final difference does not agree with the predictions. The limit for Pauli principle violation was therefore not calculated.

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The Pauli principle of exclusion forbids for two fermions to be in the same quantum state while there are in the same system. It has significant meaning, but his cause is still not explained. Because of his meaning there is a significant interest in searching for his violation even if it is in a small measure. Generally, search for Pauli principle violation can be done in two ways. There can be a search for atoms or cores that are already violating the principle or there can be a search for forbidden transition that violates the principle. In this dissertation, Pauli principle violation is sought by looking for X-rays that would be characteristic of the forbidden transition in lead. The radiation spectrum of lead through which current is not passed and through which current is passed is measured by using two HPGe detectors. Total measurement time for each type of measurement is 874 h. The measurement results are calibrated and summed. The summed graphs for measurements without current and with current are subtracted. The expected difference is around zero, but the final difference in the measurements is not in this area, so it is necessary to examine why the final difference does not agree with the predictions. The limit for Pauli principle violation was therefore not calculated.
The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle which states that two or more identical fermions cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously. Although the Pauli principle has far-reaching consequences, its cause has not been explained yet, which indicates that the principle, in some specific reactions, could be violated to a point. Those instances of Pauli principle violation have been explored experimentally by searching for X-rays released during the electron transitions into filled atomic shells, as well as searching for gamma radiation that would occur in Pauli-prohibited nuclear transitions. These transitions are not allowed by the Pauli exclusion principle. In this graduate thesis we measured the spectrum of X-ray radiation from lead exposed to specific electric current utilizing HPG detectors. Exposure to electric current would allow for the existence of additional, free electrons, which, in case of a violation of the Pauli exclusion principle, could radiate X-rays of a specific energy, caused by electrons transitioning into the filled ground state of lead. The results of the test measurements indicate that the time needed for final testing, with the existing experimental setting, would be longer that the initial testing time. Specifically, utilizing one HPG detector it takes ≈ 150 h for the test. With two HPG detectors the time could be reduced to ≈ 75 h.
Many experiments investigated the possible violation of the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) since its discovery in 1925. The VIP(Violation of the Pauli Principle) experiment tested the PEP by measuring the probability for an external electron to be captured and undergo a 2p to 1s transition during its cascading process, with the 1s state already occupied by two electrons. This transition is forbidden by the PEP. The VIP experiment resulted in an upper limit for the probability of PEP violation of 4.7 × 10 −29 . Currently a setup for the follow up experiment VIP2 is under preparation. The goal of this experiment is to improve the upper limit for the violation of the PEP by two orders of magnitude, by using new X-ray detectors and by implementing an active shielding. We then present the idea of using an analogous experimental technique to search for X rays as a signature of the spontaneous collapse of the wave function, predicted by the continuous spontaneous localization theories, and discuss some very encouraging preliminary results.
The Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) was famously discovered in 1925 by the austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli. Since then, it underwent several experimental tests. Starting in 2006, the VIP (Violation of the Pauli Principle) experiment looked for 2p to 1s X-ray transitions in copper, where 2 electrons are present in the 1s state before the transition happens. These transitions violate the PEP, and the lack of detection of the corresponding X-ray photons lead to a preliminary upper limit for the violation of the PEP of 4.7 * 10^(-29). The follow-up experiment VIP 2 is currently in the testing phase and will be transported to its final destination, the underground laboratory of Gran Sasso in Italy, in autumn 2015. Several improvements compared to its predecessor like the use of new X-ray detectors and active shielding from background gives rise to a goal for the improvement of the upper limit of the probability for the violation of the Pauli Exclusion Principle of 2 orders of magnitude.
The Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) is a fundamental law in physics, governing the behavior of fermionic particles. The VIP2 Experiment tests this principle with high sensitivity, by search for Pauli-forbidden atomic transitions from the 2p to the 1s shell in copper. The principle of the experiment is to introduce “new” electrons into a copper conductor via a current. The electrons have the possibility to form states with a symmetric component with the atoms of the conductor. These states would violate the Pauli Exclusion Principle. A possible violation is observed by detecting and counting X-rays, originating from the conductor. The transition energy of Pauli-forbidden Kα X-rays is shifted in energy by 300 eV with respect to the normal Kα line. This energy difference can be resolved using Silicon Drift Detectors. From the number of photons in the energy region, where the Pauli-forbidden transition is expected, an upper limit for the probability of a violation of the PEP can be calculated. The thesis starts by explaining the physics behind the VIP2 experiment. Subsequently, the experimental setup is discussed, including: Silicon Drift detectors for X-ray detection, scintillators with Silicon photomultiplier readout for active shielding, a cryogenic system for cooling the detectors and a data acquisition system and an experiment control system. The data taken with the described setup in Vienna and in the underground laboratory in Gran Sasso (LNGS) is compared to simulations. The data selection and the detector calibration is described in detail. The final chapter deals with different methods for the analysis of the data taken at LNGS.
The development of mathematically complete and consistent models solving the so-called "measurement problem", strongly renewed the interest of the scientific community for the foundations of quantum mechanics, among these the Dynamical Reduction Models posses the unique characteristic to be experimentally testable. In the first part of the paper an upper limit on the reduction rate parameter of such models will be obtained, based on the analysis of the X-ray spectrum emitted by an isolated slab of germanium and measured by the IGEX experiment. The second part of the paper is devoted to present the results of the VIP (Violation of the Pauli exclusion principle) experiment and to describe its recent upgrade. The VIP experiment established a limit on the probability that the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) is violated by electrons, using the very clean method of searching for PEP forbidden atomic transitions in copper.
The VIolation of Pauli exclusion principle -2 experiment, or VIP-2 experiment, at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso searches for X-rays from copper atomic transitions that are prohibited by the Pauli exclusion principle. Candidate direct violation events come from the transition of a 2p electron to the ground state that is already occupied by two electrons. From the first data taking campaign in 2016 of VIP-2 experiment, we determined a best upper limit of 3.4 × 10−293.4~\times ~10^{-29}3.4 × 10−29 for the probability that such a violation exists. Significant improvement in the control of the experimental systematics was also achieved, although not explicitly reflected in the improved upper limit. By introducing a simultaneous spectral fit of the signal and background data in the analysis, we succeeded in taking into account systematic errors that could not be evaluated previously in this type of measurements.