For nearly fifty years, atomic resonances have been employed to stabilize electromagnetic field frequency. Here, a dynamical Rabi resonance, associated with an alkali atom's ground state hyperfine transition, is used to stabilize electromagnetic field strength: A 7% sinusoidal variation was superimposed on a microwave field's strength, and through atomic stabilization this variation was reduced to 0.1%. Although the method is demonstrated with microwave fields, the technique could also be employed to stabilize optical fields via Rabi resonances associated with electronic transitions in atoms or molecules.For nearly fifty years, atomic resonances have been employed to stabilize electromagnetic field frequency. Here, a dynamical Rabi resonance, associated with an alkali atom's ground state hyperfine transition, is used to stabilize electromagnetic field strength: A 7% sinusoidal variation was superimposed on a microwave field's strength, and through atomic stabilization this variation was reduced to 0.1%. Although the method is demonstrated with microwave fields, the technique could also be employed to stabilize optical fields via Rabi resonances associated with electronic transitions in atoms or molecules.

Physical Review LettersJan 12, 199874 citations

Special States of the Electromagnetic Field

Jan Peřina

Springer eBooksJan 1, 19840 citations

Emerging Ultrastrong Coupling Between Light and Matter Observed in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics

Kouichi Semba

Abstract The strength of the coupling between an atom and a single electromagnetic field mode is defined as the ratio of the vacuum Rabi frequency to the Larmor frequency, and is determined by a small dimensionless physical constant, the fine structure constant $\alpha =Z_{vac} / 2R_{K}$ α = Z vac / 2 R K . On the other hand, the quantum circuit including Josephson junctions behaving as artificial atoms and it can be coupled to the electromagnetic field with arbitrary strength (Devoret et al. 2007). Therefore, the circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED) is extremely suitable for studying much stronger light-matter interaction.Abstract The strength of the coupling between an atom and a single electromagnetic field mode is defined as the ratio of the vacuum Rabi frequency to the Larmor frequency, and is determined by a small dimensionless physical constant, the fine structure constant $$\alpha =Z_{vac} / 2R_{K}$$ α = Z vac / 2 R K . On the other hand, the quantum circuit including Josephson junctions behaving as artificial atoms and it can be coupled to the electromagnetic field with arbitrary strength (Devoret et al. 2007). Therefore, the circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED) is extremely suitable for studying much stronger light-matter interaction.

Mathematics for industryOct 22, 20200 citations

The Electromagnetic Field

Kurt Gottfried

In this chapter, the authors prove that the free electromagnetic field is equivalent to an infinite set of uncoupled one-dimensional harmonic oscillators, one oscillator being associated with each value of the propagation vector k and polarization mode α. In order to quantize the electromagnetic field the authors shall have to express the field equations in Hamiltonian form and impose the canonical commutation rules on the canonically conjugate variables. Because the electromagnetic field possesses an infinite number of degrees of freedom it is also possible to formulate the theory in terms of a very different set of dynamical variables, the field operators themselves. To be more precise, the field operators only have off-diagonal matrix elements in the representation in which the photon occupation numbers are diagonal. In a state with a definite number of photons the expectation value of any field strength vanishes, and it is only meaningful to discuss fluctuations in the field strengths.In this chapter, the authors prove that the free electromagnetic field is equivalent to an infinite set of uncoupled one-dimensional harmonic oscillators, one oscillator being associated with each value of the propagation vector k and polarization mode α. In order to quantize the electromagnetic field the authors shall have to express the field equations in Hamiltonian form and impose the canonical commutation rules on the canonically conjugate variables. Because the electromagnetic field possesses an infinite number of degrees of freedom it is also possible to formulate the theory in terms of a very different set of dynamical variables, the field operators themselves. To be more precise, the field operators only have off-diagonal matrix elements in the representation in which the photon occupation numbers are diagonal. In a state with a definite number of photons the expectation value of any field strength vanishes, and it is only meaningful to discuss fluctuations in the field strengths.

CRC Press eBooksMar 9, 201812 citations

Generation of states for electromagnetic fields

Adriano Aragão, Ardiley Torres Avelar, J. M. C. Malbouisson +1 more

Physics Letters AAug 1, 20048 citations

\alpha =Z_{vac} / 2R_{K}

α = Z vac / 2 R K . On the other hand, the quantum circuit including Josephson junctions behaving as artificial atoms and it can be coupled to the electromagnetic field with arbitrary strength (Devoret et al. 2007). Therefore, the circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED) is extremely suitable for studying much stronger light-matter interaction.