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Physical Review Applied

Synthesis of Quantum Antennas for Shaping Field Correlations

Alexander B. Mikhalychev, Dmitri S. Mogilevtsev, Gregory Ya. Slepyan, Ilya Karuseichyk, Gilles Buchs, D. L. Boïko, Amir Boag

Published Feb 22, 2018• 32 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In studying the practical design of a quantum antenna with given spatial correlations, the authors show that the antenna's initial quantum state is at least as important as the spatial current distributions. Applying their state-inference procedure to a simple antenna (a linear one-dimensional array of equidistant quantum dots, trapped atoms, or superconducting qubits), they synthesize the initial states to generate drastically different emitted fields, for co- and contradirectionally entangled photons, complete suppression in the far field, or a nearly homogeneous far-field distribution---pointing to a host of applications in quantum optics and photonics.

DOI
10.1103/physrevapplied.9.024021

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Quantum antennas can shape the spatial entanglement of emitted photons originating from specific initial non-Dicke entangled states of antenna emitters. In contrast to a classical antenna, a quantum antenna might not be affecting the amplitudes and intensities distribution of the field, but only shaping the second and higher order correlations. The shape and directivity of the correlations can be optimized using quantum state inference techniques. The character of the correlations can also be controlled by changing both the geometry and the initial state of the antenna. Positive and negative correlated twin-photons, as well as multi-photons entangled states can be produced from the same antenna for different initial states of the emitters. Our approach to antenna design can find applications in imaging and high-precision sensing, as well as in the development of an emitter-field interface for quantum information processing.
A quantum antenna can shape spatial entanglement of emitted photons originating from entangled states of antennas emitters. In contrast to the classical antenna, the quantum antenna can shape the second and higher order correlations without affecting amplitudes of the field. The shape and directivity of the correlations can be optimized using techniques of quantum state inference. Positive and negative correlated twin-photon, and multi-photon entangled states can be produced from the same antenna for different initial states of emitters.
Important tasks in cavity quantum electrodynamics include the generation and control of quantum states of spatially separated particles distributed in different cavities. An interesting question in this context is how to prepare entanglement among particles located in different cavities, which are important for large-scale quantum information processing. We here consider a multi-cavity system where cavities are coupled to a superconducting (SC) qubit and each cavity hosts many SC qubits. We show that all intra-cavity SC qubits plus the coupler SC qubit can be prepared in an entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state, by using a single operation and without the need of measurements. The GHZ state is created without exciting the cavity modes; thus greatly suppressing the decoherence caused by the cavity-photon decay and the effect of unwanted inter-cavity crosstalk on the operation. We also introduce two simple methods for entangling the intra-cavity SC qubits in a GHZ state. As an example, our numerical simulations show that it is feasible, with current circuit-QED technology, to prepare high-fidelity GHZ states, for up to nine SC qubits by using SC qubits distributed in two cavities. This proposal can in principle be used to implement a GHZ state for an arbitrary number of SC qubits distributed in multiple cavities. The proposal is quite general and can be applied to a wide range of physical systems, with the intra-cavity qubits being either atoms, NV centers, quantum dots, or various SC qubits.
Abstract Quantum antennas couple localized quantum emitters to optical modes that can be collected, routed, and used in larger photonic systems. Their performance depends on photon delivery as well as single-photon purity, coherence, and indistinguishability. This Review connects the physics of light-matter interaction with the design of quantum-photonic interfaces. We compare semiconductor quantum dots, color centers, two-dimensional and molecular emitters, and examine plasmonic, dielectric, hybrid, cavity-coupled, and waveguideintegrated antenna architectures. We discuss how emitter position, dipole orientation, spectral matching, and material loss govern radiative enhancement and quenching, then assess performance through efficiency, brightness, photon statistics, and coupling to useful optical modes. Electromagnetic and quantum-optical modeling are considered alongside fabrication, deterministic emitter placement, and experimental characterization. We further examine how arrays and metasurfaces extend control to collective emission and quantum wavefronts, and survey applications in single-photon generation, communication, networking, computing, sensing, imaging, and ranging. Across these settings, rapid decay and strong local fields produce system-level gains only when useful photon delivery improves without compromising quantum-state quality. Low-loss design, spectral stabilization, reproducible integration, and complete photon-budget reporting emerge as priorities for scalable quantum-antenna platforms.