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Acta Physica Sinica

Experimental investigation of different Bell-type inequality in three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states

Jiaqiang Zhao, Cao Lian-Zhen, Wang Xiao-Qin, Lu Huai-Xin

Published Jan 1, 2012• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate experimentally the violation of the Bell, Mermin and Svetlichny inequalities to local realism prediction. Using the maximum-likelihood technique to construct the density matrix and calculate the fidelity of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state. The values of the three inequalities are measured. The experimental resuls show that the three inequalities have different violation degrees to local realism prediction. So we can choose a suitable method of nonlocality to estimate the security of quantum channel.

DOI
10.7498/aps.61.170301

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We investigate experimentally the violation of the Bell, Mermin and Svetlichny inequalities to local realism prediction. Using the maximum-likelihood technique to construct the density matrix and calculate the fidelity of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state. The values of the three inequalities are measured. The experimental resuls show that the three inequalities have different violation degrees to local realism prediction. So we can choose a suitable method of nonlocality to estimate the security of quantum channel.
There are different families of inequalities that can be used to characterize the entanglement of multiqubit entangled states by the violation of quantum mechanics prediction versus local realism prediction. In a noisy environment, the violation of different inequalities distinguishes a direct from a noise-free environment. That is, each inequality has a different robustness against noise. We investigate theoretically and experimentally this proposition with the Mermin inequality, Bell inequality, and Svetlichny inequality using three-qubit GHZ states for different levels of noise. Our purpose is to determine which one of the inequalities is more robust against noise and thus more suitable to characterize entanglement of states. Our results show that the Mermin inequality is the most robust against stronger noise and is, thus, more suitable for characterizing the entanglement of three-qubit GHZ states in a noisy environment.
In this paper, we theoretically study the relation between concurrence and nonlocality depicted by Bell-type inequality violation of quantum mechanics prediction versus local realism prediction for the GHZ (Greenberger -Horne-Zeilinger) class states. Analytical expressions of concurrence, violations of the Mermin inequality and the Svetlichny inequality are obtained. Through numerical calculations, the relationship between entanglement and nonlocality of GHZ-class states is discussed. Our results show that the concurrence is consistent with the degree of nonlocality described by violations of the two Bell-type inequalities of GHZ-class states. The Bell operator and its parameters can obviously reveal the nonlocal features of quantum states.
As stated by S. Ghose et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 250404 (2009)], there are certain relationships between tripartite entanglement and tripartite nonlocality for three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) class states. In the present work, we have experimentally demonstrated the theoretical results of Ghose et al. by using both three-photon generalized GHZ (GGHZ) states and maximal slice (MS) states with a count of $\ensuremath{\sim}$10/s. From the data, we have verified the agreement of the experimental violation of the Svetlichny inequality with the one predicted by quantum mechanics given the reconstructed density matrix. For the MS states, it is demonstrated that the amount of violation increases linearly following the increase of the degree of tripartite entanglement. In contrast, for GGHZ states, there is a minimal value of the violation when the degree of tripartite entanglement is 1/3. Both of the results are consist with the theoretical prediction.
Knowing the level of entanglement robustness against quantum bit loss or decoherence mechanisms is an important issue for any application of quantum information. Fidelity of states can be used to judge whether there is entanglement in multi-particle systems. It is well known that quantum channel security in QKD can be estimated by measuring the robustness of Bell-type inequality against noise. We experimentally investigate a new Bell-type inequality (NBTI) in the three-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states with different levels of spin-flip noise. The results show that the fidelity and the degree of violation of the NBTI decrease monotonically with the increase of noise intensity. They also provide a method to judge whether there is entanglement in three-particle mixed states.
In this paper, we investigate the genuine three-way nonlocality which is recognized as the strongest form of tripartite correlations. We consider theoretically and experimentally a series of suitable Bell-type inequalities a violation of which is sufficient for the detection of three-way nonlocality. For the generalized GHZ (gGHZ) states, it is demonstrated that they do violate tripartite Bell-type inequalities for any degree of tripartite entanglement even if they do not violate Svetlichny inequality. It implies that three-way entangled gGHZ can always exhibit genuine three-way nonlocality under the requirement of time-order-dependent principle. Furthermore, we have determined the maximal amount of noise admissible for the gGHZ states to still remain genuine three-way nonlocal.
Bell inequalities were formulated by John Bell to test the possible violation of local realistic theories by quantum mechanical systems. It was shown that entangled quantu-m states of multiple particles violate various Bell’s inequalities. This proved that quan-tum mechanics allows correlations between spatially separated systems that have no classical analogue. The main focus of this work is to investigate genuine multiqubit non-locality in families of entangled 3 and 4-qubit pure states by studying a Bell-type inequality that is violated only if all qubits are non-locally correlated. We numerically study the relationship between entanglement and violation of the Svetlichny Bell-type inequality. We analyze non-local correlations in 3-qubit generalized Greenberger-Hor-ne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, maximal slice (MS) states, and W states. Our studies show that the correlations exhibited by three particles cannot in general be described by hid-den variable theories with at most two-particle non-locality. However, some 3-qubit entangled states do not violate the Svetlichny’s inequality. We then extend our analysis to 4-qubit generalized Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, maximal slice (MS) states, and W states. The results are similar to the 3-qubit case for GHZ and MS states. The range of parameters for which we see a violation is the same for the 3 and 4-qubit GHZ states. However, the 4-qubit W states do not violate Bell-type inequality, unlike the 3-qubit W states. Our results show the complex nature of multiqubit entang-lement and non-locality and provide tools for designing useful quantum communica-tion tasks.