In this work, theoretically, we discussed various properties of systems, including the density profiles and the ground state properties of trapped condensates in different interaction limits, the rotational properties of the condensates confined in a harmonic trap at different rotational and trap frequencies. As a result, in attractive interaction, the gas tends to increase its central density in order to lower the interaction energy. When the condensate rotates with angular velocity Ω, one or more vortices nucleate, with many observable consequences with more rapid rotation, the vortices form a dense triangular array.
In this work, theoretically, we discussed various properties of systems, including the density profiles and the ground state properties of trapped condensates in different interaction limits, the rotational properties of the condensates confined in a harmonic trap at different rotational and trap frequencies. As a result, in attractive interaction, the gas tends to increase its central density in order to lower the interaction energy. When the condensate rotates with angular velocity Ω, one or more vortices nucleate, with many observable consequences with more rapid rotation, the vortices form a dense triangular array.
After reviewing the ideal Bose-Einstein gas in a box and in a harmonic trap, the effect of interactions on the formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate are discussed, along with the dynamics of small-amplitude perturbations (the Bogoliubov equations). When the condensate rotates with angular velocity $\ensuremath{\Omega}$, one or several vortices nucleate, leading to many observable consequences. With more rapid rotation, the vortices form a dense triangular array, and the collective behavior of these vortices has additional experimental implications. For $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ near the radial trap frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$, the lowest-Landau-level approximation becomes applicable, providing a simple picture of such rapidly rotating condensates. Eventually, as $\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$, the rotating dilute gas is expected to undergo a quantum phase transition from a superfluid to various highly correlated (nonsuperfluid) states analogous to those familiar from the fractional quantum Hall effect for electrons in a strong perpendicular magnetic field.
After reviewing the ideal Bose-Einstein gas in a box and in a harmonic trap, I discuss the effect of interactions on the formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), along with the dynamics of small-amplitude perturbations (the Bogoliubov equations). When the condensate rotates with angular velocity Omega, one or several vortices nucleate, with many observable consequences. With more rapid rotation, the vortices form a dense triangular array, and the collective behavior of these vortices has additional experimental implications. For Omega near the radial trap frequency omega_perp, the lowest-Landau-level approximation becomes applicable, providing a simple picture of such rapidly rotating condensates. Eventually, as Omega approaches omega_perp, the rotating dilute gas is expected to undergo a quantum phase transition from a superfluid to various highly correlated (nonsuperfluid) states analogous to those familiar from the fractional quantum Hall effect for electrons in a strong perpendicular magnetic field.
In this paper, we discuss theoretically the behavior of ideal Bose-Einstein gases in a 3D box and in a harmonic trap. We make use of the mean filed theory based on the time dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation which describes the main features of Bose-Einstein condensation. We investigate and discuss the density profiles and the ground state properties of a trapped condensate confined in harmonic trap. We found out that in an attractive interaction, the gas tends to increase its central density in order to lower the interaction energy.
This thesis contains theoretical studies of weakly interacting, trapped Bose-Einstein condensed gases. The main emphasis is on the rotational properties of these systems. A typical Bose-Einstein condensate reacts to external rotation by forming singly quantized vortices. By the word ”typical” we refer to a condensate with repulsive interparticle interactions and with a frozen spin degree of freedom. However, there are some atomic species for which the low-energy interactions are attractive. Moreover, the tuning of different condensate properties is relatively easy. For example, there are ways to experimentally change the effective interaction from repulsive to attractive. For an attractively interacting condensate the vortex is not the only possible rotational state but the sample may also experience rotation through its center of mass. In the first part of the thesis, we analyze some properties of a rotating attractive Bose gas at the zero temperature limit. First, we note that in order to maintain energetical stability, the gas has to be rotated in an external trap which is steeper than a harmonic trap. We study the system in an anharmonic quadratic + quartic potential. The rotating ground state phase-space is determined with analytical and numerical methods. If the interactions are strong enough, the rotating ground state appears to be a state with the rotating center of mass. On the other hand, at the limit of weak interactions the system experiences rotation by forming a multiply quantized vortex. We also determine the spectrum of elementary excitations for these quantum many-particle states. We find that the broken symmetry of the center of mass rotating state induces an additional zero-energy (Goldstone) mode and that the small oscillations of the ground state exhibit the decoupling between the center of mass and relative motions. If the spin of the atoms is allowed to change freely, a rich variety of topological excitations in condensates can be studied. External rotation is one of the tools for examining the excitations in spinor condensates. In a spinless scalar condensate the appearance of a quantized vortex is manifested by the vortex line in which the condensate density vanishes. In the plane perpendicular to the vortex line, one speaks of the vortex core for the density minimum. We study the properties of slowly rotated F = 1 spinor condensates and show that for ferromagnetic interactions the ground state is a coreless vortex. While the individual spin components may carry ordinary vortices the overall density of the system is coreless. We also study a method to create a point-like monopole structure in a ferromagnetic condensate by suitably imprinting vortices and solitons for different spin components of the condensate.
Trapped Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) differ considerably from the standard textbook example of a uniform Bose gas. In an isotropic harmonic potential V(r) = ½Mω2 r 2, the single-particle ground state introduces a new intrinsic scale of length [the ground-state size d = √ℏ/(Mω)] and energy [the ground-state energy E 0 = 23 ℏω]. When the trap rotates at a low angular velocity, the behavior of a single vortex illustrates the crucial role of discrete quantized vorticity. For more rapid rotation, the condensate contains a vortex array. The resulting centrifugal forces expand the condensate radially and shrink it axially; thus, the condensate becomes effectively two dimensional. If the external rotation speed approaches the frequency of the radial harmonic confining potential, the condensate enters the “lowest-Landau-level” regime, and a simple description again becomes possible. Eventually, the system is predicted to make a quantum phase transition to a highly correlated state analogous to the fractional quantum Hall states of electrons in a strong magnetic field.
In this dissertation, we study rotational properties of ultracold bosonic quantum gases in two trapped configurations, a quasi-two-dimensional gas in a harmonic trap and a quasi-one-dimensional gas in a toroidal trap. First, we investigate the effects of correlations on the properties of the ground state of the rotating harmonically-trapped Bose gas by adding Bogoliubov fluctuations to the mean-field ground state of an N-particle single-vortex system. We demonstrate that the fluctuation-induced correlations lower the energy compared to that of the mean-field ground state, that the vortex core is pushed slightly away from the center of the trap, and that an unstable mode with negative energy (for rotations slower than a critical frequency) emerges in the energy spectrum, thus, pointing to a better state for slow rotation. We construct mean-field ground states of 0-, 1-, and 2-vortex states as a function of rotation rate and determine the critical frequencies for transitions between these states, as well as the critical frequency for appearance of a metastable state with an off-center vortex and its image vortex in the evanescent tail of the cloud. Then, we show how the configuration-space form of the above-mentioned Bogoliubov ground-state wave function of a bosonic condensate with a single vortex in a harmonic trap can be described in terms of bosonic Jastrow correlations. We then generalize this result to study the effects of such correlations on a mean-field vortex lattice state and show that the included correlations lower the energy below that of the mean-field state. Although the reduction is relatively small, it is a precursor of the more general expected effect of correlations in describing the melting of the vortex lattice at a high angular momentum per particle. Finally, we study the stability and dynamics of an ultracold bosonic gas trapped in a toroidal geometry and driven by rotation in the absence of dissipation. We first delineate, via the Bogoliubov mode expansion, the regions of stability and the nature of instabilities of the system for both repulsive and attractive interaction strengths. To study the response of the system to variations in the rotation rate, we introduce a “disorder” potential, breaking the rotational symmetry. We demonstrate the breakdown of adiabaticity as the rotation rate is slowly varied and find forced tunneling between the eigenstates of the system. The nonadiabaticity is signaled by the appearance of a swallow-tail loop in the lowest-energy level, a general sign of hysteresis. Then, we show that this system is in one-to-one correspondence with a trapped gas in a double-well potential and thus exhibits macroscopic quantum self-trapping. Finally, we show that self-trapping is a direct manifestation of the behavior of the lowest-energy level.