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X-Ray, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy

Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors for optical communication and astronomy

Matthew D. Shaw

Published Dec 14, 2020• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) are the most advanced detectors available for time-resolved single photon counting from the UV to the mid-infrared. We will discuss recent progress in SNSPD development for the ground terminal in NASA’s Deep Space Optical Communication (DSOC) project as well as recent performance advances in other metrics, including the development of kilopixel SNSPD arrays, single-photon sensitivity at mid-infrared wavelengths as long as 10 microns, and SNSPDs with sub-3ps timing jitter. I will discuss a range of new potential scientific applications for SNSPDs, including exoplanet transit spectroscopy, dark matter detection, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, and quantum information science.

DOI
10.1117/12.2563483

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Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) excel at a wide variety of performance criteria for single photon counting. They combine unprecedented high detection efficiency, high timing resolution, high count rates, low intrinsic dark count rates, and are sensitive to ultraviolet through mid-infrared single-photons. At JPL, we are working on several projects to push the performance limits of SNSPDs to achieve higher maximum count rates, larger active areas, higher timing resolution, and a wider spectral range. Our recent advances enable new applications for dark matter detection, imaging, and space-to-ground communication and provide insight into the fundamental physics of single-photon detection in superconducting nanowires.
Photon detectors connect optical and electrical systems by converting light to electrical signals. Single photon detectors detect single photons which measure ultra-weak light. Traditional semiconductor single-photon detectors suffer from high dark count rates, low infrared detection efficiency, and poor temporal resolution. Superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) overcome these limitations using the hotspot effect. SNSPDs have created a solid foundation for optical technologies and become key in quantum information, LiDARs and Deep-Space Communications. This paper reviews working principles and performance metrics: system detection efficiency, dark count rate, recovery time, and timing jitter. The study summarizes applications in quantum information (quantum key distribution, optical quantum computing), single-photon LiDAR, and deep-space optical communication, replacing most single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). Recent experiments show that SNSPD-based systems can achieve meter-scale detection of sea fog, interplanetary laser communication over billions of kilometers, and boson sampling with 20 photons. Ongoing research is expected to improve performance in maximum count rate, system integration, and cryogenic operation, as well as to find applications in emerging fields such as environmental monitoring.
Superconducting Nanowire Single photon Detectors (SNSPDs) offer unparalleled performance for IR photon counting, combining close to unity quantum efficiency, low intrinsic noise and ultrafast timing jitter. The ability of SNSPDs to count photons in mid-IR band up to 7 um wavelength opens up new possibilities in quantum optics, laser ranging, free space Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and astronomy. Here we report on development of mid-IR SNSPDs including device design, fabrication, optimisation of superconducting materials and characterisation. We present a characterisation setup covering 1.5 - 4.2 um spectral region based on tuneable optical parametric oscillator with picosecond long pulses. We then demonstrate the viability of mid infrared SNSPDs for a variety of applications and report the results from single photon light detection and ranging (LIDAR) experiment with 2.3 um photons. This work paves the way for future app in free space QKD, deep space communication and astronomy.
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Extending single-photon detection capabilities into the mid- infrared is expected to have far-reaching implications for long-wavelength quantum optics, quantum and free-space communication, astronomy, environmental monitoring, and fundamental molecular sciences. We showcase the development of short-wave infrared (2.2-2.3 µm) and mid- wave infrared (3.0 µm) superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs). In both wavelength ranges, we venture beyond state-of-the-art and achieve the best-reported system detection efficiencies and specific detectivity. We discuss the challenges in cryogenics, optics, and SNSPD design and use our mid-infrared single-photon detection to characterize emerging materials platforms and quantum emitters in a previously unattainable manner.