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Acta Physica Sinica

Applications of Yangian algebra in the entanglement and the decay channels of the mixed meson state

Qin Li-Guo, Li-Jun Tian, Wu Shi-Chao

Published Jan 1, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Yangian, as an algebra beyond the Lie algebra, is an infinite dimensional algebra and a powerful mathematical method for inVestigating the new symmetry of quantum systems which are nonlinear and integrable. Based on the su(3) symmetry of the quarK-flaVor in the meson states and the transition property of the generators in Yangian algebra, we study the applications of Yangian algebra Y(su(3)) in the decay of three mixed meson states(, K and Ki0) composed of the three positiVe and negatiVe meson states (, K, K0 and K0). As the transition operators, the eight generators (Ī, Ŭ, V, Ī3 and Ī8) of Yangian algebra Y(su(3)) are acting on the three mixed meson states, respectiVely. Then, the possible decay channels and the changes of the entanglement are studied. Results show: (i) Under the effects of Ī3 and Ī8 within the Lie algebra on the three mixed meson states, the compositions of the final states after decays of the three mixed meson states are not changed as compared with the initial state. The entanglement is not changed for the decay of the mixed meson state with the effect of Ī^8, and the others are changed. (ii) Under the effects of the other six generators (Ī, Ŭ and V) beyond the Lie algebra on the three mixed meson states, the compositions of the final states after the decay are changed compared with the initial state. In the six possible decay channels, the two final states become single states without entanglement; two decay channels are absent; and the entanglements of the final states in the remaining two decays are changed. In addition, the entanglement of the final meson states in the possible six decay channels of the two types K mixed meson states, the charged (K+, K-) and neutral (K0, K0) meson states, are the same two by two. (iii) The three mixed meson states can be circularly transferred by the operators Ī, Ŭ and V, implying the obVious symmetry. In this paper the Yangian method is presented to study the possible decay channels of the mixed meson states and may be used to present a possible interpretation of the new unKnown or Known particle in the decay of the mixed meson.

DOI
10.7498/aps.65.020201

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Yangian, as an algebra beyond the Lie algebra, is an infinite dimensional algebra and a powerful mathematical method for inVestigating the new symmetry of quantum systems which are nonlinear and integrable. Based on the su(3) symmetry of the quarK-flaVor in the meson states and the transition property of the generators in Yangian algebra, we study the applications of Yangian algebra Y(su(3)) in the decay of three mixed meson states(, K and Ki0) composed of the three positiVe and negatiVe meson states (, K, K0 and K0). As the transition operators, the eight generators (Ī, Ŭ, V, Ī3 and Ī8) of Yangian algebra Y(su(3)) are acting on the three mixed meson states, respectiVely. Then, the possible decay channels and the changes of the entanglement are studied. Results show: (i) Under the effects of Ī3 and Ī8 within the Lie algebra on the three mixed meson states, the compositions of the final states after decays of the three mixed meson states are not changed as compared with the initial state. The entanglement is not changed for the decay of the mixed meson state with the effect of Ī^8, and the others are changed. (ii) Under the effects of the other six generators (Ī, Ŭ and V) beyond the Lie algebra on the three mixed meson states, the compositions of the final states after the decay are changed compared with the initial state. In the six possible decay channels, the two final states become single states without entanglement; two decay channels are absent; and the entanglements of the final states in the remaining two decays are changed. In addition, the entanglement of the final meson states in the possible six decay channels of the two types K mixed meson states, the charged (K+, K-) and neutral (K0, K0) meson states, are the same two by two. (iii) The three mixed meson states can be circularly transferred by the operators Ī, Ŭ and V, implying the obVious symmetry. In this paper the Yangian method is presented to study the possible decay channels of the mixed meson states and may be used to present a possible interpretation of the new unKnown or Known particle in the decay of the mixed meson.
The applications of the general and reduced Yangian Y(sl(2)) and Y(su(3)) algebras are discussed. By taking a special constraint, the representation of Y(sl(2)) and Y(su(3)) can be divided into two 2 \times 2 and three 3 \times 3 blocks diagonal respectively. The general and reduced Yangian Y(sl(2)) and Y(su(3)) are applied to the bi-qubit system and the mixed light pseudoscalar meson state, respectively. We can find that the general ones are not able to make the initial states disentangled by acting on the initial states, however the reduced ones are able to make the initial state disentangled. In addition, we show the effects of Y(su(3)) generators on the the decay channel.
In this chapter we will reveal another piece of the algebraic structure of the Hubbard model. As was first observed by Uglov and Korepin [462], the Hubbard Hamiltonian on the infinite line is invariant under the action of the direct sum of two so-called Yangian quantum groups, extending the rotational and the η-pairing su(2) symmetries we encountered earlier. Following [172] we shall address the issue in a more general context. We present two pairs of fermionic representations of the Y(su(2)) Yangian quantum group which commute with the trigonometric [162] and hyperbolic [40, 41] versions of a Hubbard Hamiltonian with non-nearest-neighbour hopping. In both cases the two representations are also mutually commuting, hence can be combined into a representation of Y(su(2))⊕Y(su(2)). The generators of the Yangian symmetry of the ordinary Hubbard model (with nearest-neighbour hopping) and of a number of other interesting models like the Haldane-Shastry spin-chain [194, 394] are obtained as special cases of our general result. Introduction Quantum groups were introduced by Drinfeld [107, 109]. His original intention was to put what we called the Yang-Baxter algebra into the mathematically more conventional context of Hopf algebras. The Yangians are special quantum groups. Their representation theory [80, 81] is intimately related to the classification of integrable quantum systems with rational R -matrices.
In this thesis, we study the quantum entanglement of neutral B-mesons from the decay of the Υ(5S). The experiment which provided real data for this decay is the Belle experiment which ran from 1999 to 2010 and gathered about 121fb−1 of data for the Υ(5S). The decay of the Υ(5S) particle is expected to produce entangled pairs of neutral B-mesons, therefore any deviations of the theoretical predictions for such entangled pairs to the measured data can be attributed to an effect called Quantum Decoherence (QD). QD is a more general term for the loss of the quantum properties of a system. In this thesis QD will refer specifically to the loss of entanglement (=ˆ disentanglement). To start with, we will briefly go over the basics of the flavor physics of the neutral meson system and study effects of mixing and the time dependence of the flavor states for B0 mesons. Then we will use this framework to calculate the theoretical probability density of measuring possible states for these entangled systems and compare them to the disentangled system. We will further analyse how QD can manifest by considering the entanglement of formation, which refers to a system that consists of multiple entangled states. It will be shown how disentanglement can arise in such systems and then apply this theory directly to the B0-meson systems we expect from the Υ(5S) decay. In the end, there is a brief introduction to the experimental uncertainties of the Belle detector, which is captured by the resolution function, and its impact on the theoretical prediction.
The spectrum of the Sutherland model for fermions with spin has a degeneracy. The orthogonal set of the basis of the Fock space of degenerate states is usually related to a Lie algebra such as su 2 and su 3 . In our case, however, the degeneracy extends to states with different values of total spin, and the ordinary Lie algebra is insufficient. The relevant algebra is called Yangian [43, 44], and is the algebra controlling those operators satisfying the Yang–Baxter relation [118, 178]. In this chapter we describe how the Yangian naturally emerges in the many-particle states described by Jack polynomials, and constructs an orthogonal basis of degenerate states. We concentrate here on the simplest case of the gl 2 Yangian, corresponding to spin 1/2 particles. More general cases will be discussed in Chapter 9. We introduce a variant of the R-matrix in Section 8.1, and its standard form in Section 8.2. We then introduce a monodromy matrix and discuss its algebraic properties, such as the Yang–Baxter relation and the intertwining property. In Section 8.4, we consider the action of the monodromy matrix on the set of states constituting the degenerate eigenstates. We will see that an element of the monodromy matrix plays the role of a creation or annihilation operator of orthogonal eigenfunctions. This means that all eigenfunctions can be generated algebraically from the highest-weight state, for example, by successive action of an element of the monodromy matrix. Thus, the degeneracy beyond the Lie algebra is accounted for by the symmetry of the monodromy matrix, which is nothing but the Yangian. A demonstration of this construction will be given in Section 8.5 for the two-particle and three-particle systems.