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OSA Quantum 2.0 Conference

Hidden Entanglement in Gaussian Cluster States

Carlos González-Arciniegas, Olivier Pfister, P. Nussenzveig, M. Martinelli

Published Jan 1, 2020• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Due to finite squeezing effects, some Gaussian states seem to approximate CV graph states that don’t follow the Gaussian state entanglement structure. We show that, the application of single mode squeezing can reveal that structure.
DOI
10.1364/quantum.2020.qw6b.4

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Continuous-variable (CV) cluster states are a universal quantum computing platform that has experimentally out-scaled qubit platforms by orders of magnitude. The implementation of CV cluster states uses multimode squeezed Gaussian states and fault tolerance thresholds for CV quantum computing have been predicted for realistic squeezing. An outstanding question has been whether any Gaussian state can be expressed as a cluster state. We show here that Gaussian states can present hidden entanglement, which is not captured by the corresponding cluster state graph and therefore invalidates this graph. Hidden entanglement vanishes in the infinite squeezing limit, which should therefore be used with extreme caution. We derive a general procedure to detect hidden entanglement in an arbitrary Gaussian state and validate it as a CV cluster state. These results are relevant to all experimental implementations of CV cluster states to date.
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Multimode entangled pure Gaussian states are an essential resource for continuous variable (CV) quantum information processing. Menicucci et al. [2011] have shown how to describe them as graphs with complex adjacency matrices. Among such complex graph states (CGSs), quantum optics experimental setups straightforwardly display correlations described by purely imaginary graph states (iRGSs) whereas theoretical literature favors off-diagonal real graph state (RGS) descriptions, which actually reflect the entanglement structure in the infinite squeezing limit [Gonzalez-Arciniegas et al. 2021]. We study them beyond this ideal case, thus establishing in the finite squeezing regime an equivalence criterion for the generic case of CGSs through a graph propagating set of conditions which either finds a Gaussian Local Unitary (GLU) converting one state to another or gives a proof of impossibility if such a GLU does not exist. In the experimentally relevant case of the conversion between iRGSs and RGSs, the set of conditions results in simple relations between the topologies of the equivalent real and imaginary graphs. Finally, we show that the canonical forms of iRGSs and RGSs imply that the topology of the CV real and imaginary graph states are too rigid to admit any exact qumode local-addition analogue to the qubit complementation or qudit local-addition, thus demonstrating the non-existence of any exact qumode local-addition for these states. We however define an approximate one when the squeezing is strong enough.
We provide a unified graphical calculus for all Gaussian pure states, including graph transformation rules for all local and semilocal Gaussian unitary operations, as well as local quadrature measurements. We then use this graphical calculus to analyze continuous-variable (CV) cluster states, the essential resource for one-way quantum computing with CV systems. Current graphical approaches to CV cluster states are only valid in the unphysical limit of infinite squeezing, and the associated graph transformation rules only apply when the initial and final states are of this form. Our formalism applies to all Gaussian pure states and subsumes these rules in a natural way. In addition, the term ``CV graph state'' currently has several inequivalent definitions in use. Using this formalism we provide a single unifying definition that encompasses all of them. We provide many examples of how the formalism may be used in the context of CV cluster states: defining the ``closest'' CV cluster state to a given Gaussian pure state and quantifying the error in the approximation due to finite squeezing; analyzing the optimality of certain methods of generating CV cluster states; drawing connections between this graphical formalism and bosonic Hamiltonians with Gaussian ground states, including those useful for CV one-way quantum computing; and deriving a graphical measure of bipartite entanglement for certain classes of CV cluster states. We mention other possible applications of this formalism and conclude with a brief note on fault tolerance in CV one-way quantum computing.