On quantum theory of measurements of gravitational field

Chris Overstreet, Joseph Curti, Minjeong Kim +3 more

Experiments are beginning to probe the interaction of quantum particles with gravitational fields beyond the uniform-field regime. In nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, the gravitational field in such experiments can be written as a superposition state. We empirically demonstrate that semiclassical theories of gravity can avoid gravitational superposition states only by decoupling the gravitational field energy from the quantum particle's time evolution. Furthermore, such theories must specify a preferred quantum reference frame in which the equations of motion are valid. To the extent that these properties are theoretically implausible, recent experiments provide indirect evidence that gravity has quantum features. Proposed experiments with superposed gravitational sources would provide even stronger evidence that gravity is nonclassical.

J. Anandan

Jeeva S. Anandan

CESAR ARELLANES

Despite their empirical success, the conceptual foundations of time and gravitation remain unsettled. This paper presents a mathematical framework in which both time and gravitation emerge from retained measurement records produced by irreversible measurement events. Using rigorous density operator formalism and heat-kernel methods, we show that gravitational dynamics arise naturally from the relative entropy between geometric states. Time is interpreted as the ordering induced by retained measurement records, while gravitation emerges as the geometric constraint imposed by their accumulated density. The framework introduces no new entities beyond established quantum information theory and general relativity, demonstrating instead that Einstein’s field equations can be derived from information-theoretic principles applied to measurement records. This formulation provides a unified account of temporal ordering and gravitational constraint while remaining fully consistent with established physical theories.

Wim Vegt

Quantum Light Theory (QLT) is the development in Quantum Field Theory (QFT). In Quantum Field Theory, the fundamental interaction fields are replacing the concept of elementary particles in Classical Quantum Mechanics. In Quantum Light Theory the fundamental interaction fields are being replaced by One Single Field. The Electromagnetic Field, generally well known as Light. To realize this theoretical concept, the fundamental theory has to go back in time 300 years, the time of Isaac Newton to follow a different path in development. Nowadays experiments question more and more the fundamental concepts in Quantum Field Theory and Classical Quantum Mechanics. The publication “Operational Resource Theory of Imaginarity“ in “Physical Review Letters” in 2021 (Ref. [2]) presenting the first experimental evidence for the measurability of “Quantum Mechanical Imaginarity” directly leads to the fundamental question in this experiment: How is it possible to measure the imaginary part of “Quantum Physical Probability Waves”? This publication provides an unambiguously answer to this fundamental question in Physics, based on the fundamental “Gravitational Electromagnetic Interaction” force densities. The “Quantum Light Theory” presents a new “Gravitational-Electromagnetic Equation” describing Electromagnetic Field Configurations which are simultaneously the Mathematical Solutions for the Quantum Mechanical “Schrodinger Wave Equation” and more exactly the Mathematical Solutions for the “Relativistic Quantum Mechanical Dirac Equation”. The Mathematical Solutions for the “Gravitational-Electromagnetic Equation” carry Mass, Electric Charge and Magnetic Spin at discrete values.

H.‐H. von Borzeszkowski, H.‐J. Treder