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Journal of Physics Conference Series

The epsilon expansion near absolute zero

V. N. Udodov

Published Nov 1, 2020• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Epsilon expansion is an important part of the renormalization group approach; it allows substantiating the scaling paradigm and is used in the modern theory of critical phenomena. It is shown that at a critical temperature equal to zero, the expression for the critical heat capacity exponent already in the first order in epsilon d − = 4 – (d – is the dimension of space) changes its form. This, however, does not indicate a violation of the scaling approach, although the classical Essam-Fisher equation also changes, as does the Rushbrook inequality. The generalized Essam-Fisher interpolation equality and the generalized Rushbrook inequality are given, which are valid for any value of the critical temperature, in particular, for the critical temperature equal to zero. The generalized relations are consistent with the renormalization-group approach, - expansion and scaling paradigm. The fluctuations are considered to be classical (thermodynamic), the conditions are determined when this takes place.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/1679/4/042061

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Abstract Epsilon expansion is an important part of the renormalization group approach; it allows substantiating the scaling paradigm and is used in the modern theory of critical phenomena. It is shown that at a critical temperature equal to zero, the expression for the critical heat capacity exponent already in the first order in epsilon d − = 4 – (d – is the dimension of space) changes its form. This, however, does not indicate a violation of the scaling approach, although the classical Essam-Fisher equation also changes, as does the Rushbrook inequality. The generalized Essam-Fisher interpolation equality and the generalized Rushbrook inequality are given, which are valid for any value of the critical temperature, in particular, for the critical temperature equal to zero. The generalized relations are consistent with the renormalization-group approach, - expansion and scaling paradigm. The fluctuations are considered to be classical (thermodynamic), the conditions are determined when this takes place.
The classical Essam-Fisher and Rushbrooke relationships (1963) that connect the equilibrium critical exponents of susceptibility, specific heat and order parameter are shown to be valid only if the critical temperature is positive. For quantum phase transitions (PT) with zero critical temperature, these relations are proved to be of different form. This fact has been actually observed experimentally, but the reasons were not quite clear. A general formula containing the classical results as a special case is proposed. This formula is applicable to all equilibrium PT of any space dimension. The predictions of the theory are consistent with the available experimental data and do not cast any doubts upon the scaling hypothesis.
Abstract The spherical Berlin-Katz model is considered in the framework of the epsilon expansion in one-dimensional and two-dimensional space. For the two-dimensional and threedimensional cases in this model, an exact solution was previously obtained in the presence of a field, and for the two-dimensional case the critical temperature is zero, that is, a “quantum” phase transition is observed. On the other hand, the epsilon expansion of critical exponents with an arbitrary number of order parameter components is known. This approach is consistent with the scaling paradigm. Some critical exponents are found for the spherical model in one-and twodimensional space in accordance with the generalized scaling paradigm and the ideas of quantum phase transitions. A new formula is proposed for the critical heat capacity exponent, which depends on the dynamic index z, at a critical temperature equal to zero. An expression is proposed for the order of phase transition with a change in temperature (developing the approach of R. Baxter), which also depends on the z index. An interpolation formula is presented for the effective dimension of space, which is valid for both a positive critical temperature and a critical temperature equal to zero. This formula is general. Transitions with a change in the field in a spherical model at absolute zero are also considered.
Abstract Chapter 5 first recalls the importance of the concept of scale decoupling in physics. It then emphasizes that quantum field theory and the theory of critical phenomena have provided two examples where this concepts fails. To deal with such a situation, a new tool has been invented: the renormalization group. In the framework of effective quantum field theory, a perturbative renormalization group has been formulated. Its implementation has led to the discovery of fixed points as zeros of beta functions, and calculations of critical exponents of a class of macroscopic phase transitions in the form of Wilson–Fisher epsilon or fixed dimension expansions. These expansions being divergent, they could summed by methods based on the Borel transformation and the determination of the large order behaviour of perturbation theory.
The general interpolation formulas, which generalize the classical consequences of the static scaling hypothesis for phase transitions with variation in the temperature and field, have been proposed. The classical results have been derived from these formulas as a limiting partial case for the asymptotic proximity to a positive critical temperature. It has also been shown that some consequences of the scaling hypothesis also remain correct at a zero critical temperature; however, for example, the Essam–Fisher equality changes its form in the latter case, namely, the numeral two on the right-hand side is replaced by unity.
Abstract Chapter 6 describes how the perturbative renormalization group (RG) of quantum field theory has made it possible to derive universal properties of continuous macroscopic phase transitions. The RG initially emerged as a consequence of the necessity to cancel infinities that appear in the perturbative expansion (the renormalization procedure) and the possibility of defining the parameters of the renormalized theory at different momentum scales. Although the field theory RG is now understood to be an asymptotic form, it has made it possible to confirm the Wilson–Fisher fixed point and led to an understanding of universality for a large class of critical phenomena. In the framework of dimensional continuation, zeros of RG beta functions, which correspond to Wilson–Fisher’s fixed points, have made it possible to recover Wilson–Fisher’s epsilon expansion, proving scaling relations and calculating critical exponents. Series summation methods have then been used to generate precise values of exponents.
Abstract In Chapter 15, the scaling behaviour of correlation functions at criticality, T = Tc, has been derived. This chapter is devoted to the critical domain, where the correlation length is large with respect to the microscopic scale, but finite. In dimensions d < 4, above Tc, the property of strong scaling is derived: in the critical domain above Tc, all correlation functions, after rescaling, can be expressed in terms of universal correlation functions, in which the scale of distance is provided by the correlation length. However, because the correlation length is singular at Tc, in this formalism, the critical temperature cannot be crossed. Alternatively, one can expand correlation functions in formal power series of the deviation (T −Tc) from the critical temperature, in presence of a magnetic field. The sum of the expansion satisfies renormalization group (RG) equations also valid for T < Tc and in a magnetic field, from which follow scaling properties in the whole critical domain. The universal two-point function can be expanded when T approaches Tc, using the short-distance expansion (SDE). A few terms of the ϵ expansion (ϵ is the deviation from dimension 4) of a few universal quantities are reported. Calculations at fixed dimension and summation of perturbative expansions are described. The conformal bootstrap based on the SDE and conformal invariance at the infrared (IR) fixed point provides an alternative method to determine critical exponents.