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Quantum Resource Estimation for FSR Based Symmetric Ciphers and Related Grover’s Attacks

Ravi Anand, Arpita Maitra, Subhamoy Maitra +2 more

Lecture notes in computer scienceJan 1, 202114 citations

Quantum Cryptanalysis of Symmetric-Key Ciphers: Background and Challenges

Debranjan Pal, Anubhab Baksi, Anindya Ganguly

Springer eBooksJan 1, 20251 citation

Quantum resource estimation of PRINCE and Midori Block Ciphers

Ausaf Hussain Akhlaq, Swamy Naidu Allu, Nagendar Yerukala

International Journal of Information TechnologyJun 15, 20243 citations

Quantum Cryptanalysis of ZUC and Related Resource Estimation

Suman Dutta, Anirban Ghatak, Anupam Chattopadhyay +1 more

Lecture notes in computer scienceDec 12, 20243 citations

Optimized Implementation and Analysis of CHAM in Quantum Computing

Yujin Yang, Kyungbae Jang, Anubhab Baksi +1 more

A quantum computer capable of running the Grover search algorithm, which reduces the complexity of brute-force attacks by a square root, has the potential to undermine the security strength of symmetric-key cryptography and hash functions. Recently, studies on quantum approaches have proposed analyzing potential quantum attacks using the Grover search algorithm in conjunction with optimized quantum circuit implementations for symmetric-key cryptography and hash functions. Analyzing quantum attacks on a cipher (i.e., quantum cryptanalysis) and estimating the necessary quantum resources are related to evaluating post-quantum security for the target cryptography algorithms. In this paper, we revisit quantum implementations of CHAM block cipher, an ultra lightweight cipher, with a focus on optimizing the linear operations in its key schedule. We optimized the linear equations of CHAM as matrices by applying novel optimized decomposition techniques. Using the improved CHAM quantum circuits, we estimate the cost of Grover’s key search and evaluate the post-quantum security strength with further reduced costs.A quantum computer capable of running the Grover search algorithm, which reduces the complexity of brute-force attacks by a square root, has the potential to undermine the security strength of symmetric-key cryptography and hash functions. Recently, studies on quantum approaches have proposed analyzing potential quantum attacks using the Grover search algorithm in conjunction with optimized quantum circuit implementations for symmetric-key cryptography and hash functions. Analyzing quantum attacks on a cipher (i.e., quantum cryptanalysis) and estimating the necessary quantum resources are related to evaluating post-quantum security for the target cryptography algorithms. In this paper, we revisit quantum implementations of CHAM block cipher, an ultra lightweight cipher, with a focus on optimizing the linear operations in its key schedule. We optimized the linear equations of CHAM as matrices by applying novel optimized decomposition techniques. Using the improved CHAM quantum circuits, we estimate the cost of Grover’s key search and evaluate the post-quantum security strength with further reduced costs.

Applied SciencesApr 20, 20238 citations

A practical-quantum differential attack on block ciphers

Tarun Yadav, Manoj Kumar, Amit Kumar +1 more

Abstract Differential attack is a basic cryptanalysis method for block ciphers that exploits the high probability relations between the input and output differences. The existing work in quantum differential cryptanalysis of block ciphers is focused on resource estimation to recover the last round subkeys on the basis of relations constructed using classical methods. To find such relations using quantum computing, we propose a method to search the high probability differential and impossible differential characteristics. The method explores all possible input and output difference pairs using superposition of qubits. The proposed method is used to design the quantum circuit to search the differential characteristics for a toy cipher smallGIFT. We execute the quantum circuit on a quantum simulator to get differential and impossible characteristics. These characteristics are validated with the characteristics obtained using branch-and-bound based method. The differential characteristic is used to mount quantum key recovery attack using Grover's search. We provide the estimation of quantum resources to search the differential characteristics of lightweight block cipher GIFT-64 on a quantum computer.Abstract Differential attack is a basic cryptanalysis method for block ciphers that exploits the high probability relations between the input and output differences. The existing work in quantum differential cryptanalysis of block ciphers is focused on resource estimation to recover the last round subkeys on the basis of relations constructed using classical methods. To find such relations using quantum computing, we propose a method to search the high probability differential and impossible differential characteristics. The method explores all possible input and output difference pairs using superposition of qubits. The proposed method is used to design the quantum circuit to search the differential characteristics for a toy cipher smallGIFT. We execute the quantum circuit on a quantum simulator to get differential and impossible characteristics. These characteristics are validated with the characteristics obtained using branch-and-bound based method. The differential characteristic is used to mount quantum key recovery attack using Grover's search. We provide the estimation of quantum resources to search the differential characteristics of lightweight block cipher GIFT-64 on a quantum computer.

Cryptography and CommunicationsJul 1, 202311 citations

Resource Estimation of Grovers-kind Quantum Cryptanalysis against FSR based Symmetric Ciphers.

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Resource Estimation of Grovers-kind Quantum Cryptanalysis against FSR based Symmetric Ciphers.

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