In this project, quantum cloning machines are analyzed that take in N quantum systems in the same unknown pure state and output M quantum systems with M > N, such that the output best resembles the ideal, but impossible output of an M-fold tensor product of the pure input state. The proof of Keyl and Werner is reviewed in which a unique optimal solution is constructed, both in the case where the quality of the cloning is determined by the entire output, and in the case where the quality is determined by measurements on a single clone. Furthermore, it is shown that previous work on qubit cloning machines is a special case of the presented optimal solution.
We present quantum cloning machines that transform N identical qubits into M>N identical copies and we prove that the fidelity (quality) of these copies is optimal. The connection between cloning and measurement is discussed in detail. When the number of clones M tends towards infinity, the fidelity of each clone tends towards the optimal fidelity that can be obtained by a measurement on the input qubits. More generally, quantum cloning machines are universal devices to translate quantum information into classical information.