The field of integrable systems is a vast one that has grown almost explosively in recent years. It is not remotely possible to review all the developments
There are no doubts that quantum programming and, in general, quantum computing, is one of the most promising areas within computer science and one of the areas where most expectations are being placed in recent years. Although the days when reliable and affordable quantum computers will be available is still a long way off, the explosion of programming languages for quantum programming has grown exponentially in recent years. The software engineering community has been quick to react to the need to adopt and adapt well-known tools and methods for software development, and for the design of new ones tailored to this new programming paradigm. However, many key aspects for its success depend on the establishment of an appropriate conceptual framework for the conception and design of quantum programs. This article discusses the concept of module, key in the software engineering discipline, and establishes initial criteria for determining the cohesion and coupling levels of a module in the field of quantum programming as a first step towards a sound quantum software engineering. As detailed in the article, the conceptual differences between classical and quantum computing are so pronounced that the translation of classical concepts to the new programming approach is not straightforward.
Abstract The research topic of air lasing is of fundamental and practical importance, which has grown rapidly in the past decade. Air lasing, or a laser‐like emission from air species including atomic oxygen, atomic argon, atomic nitrogen, molecular nitrogen, and molecular nitrogen ions, has been investigated vastly in both experiment and theory. In this review, the basic concepts of air lasing are discussed and the crucial role of quantum coherence in the air‐lasing process is highlighted. As an exciting perspective, air lasing not only exhibits important fundamental physics such as superradiance, nonlinear effects, vibrational and rotational dynamics, but also shows potential practical implications toward remote sensing.