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Contribution to understanding the mathematical structure of quantum mechanics

Skala, L, Kapsa, V

Published Feb 22, 2006• 7 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Probabilistic description of results of measurements and its consequences for understanding quantum mechanics are discussed. It is shown that the basic mathematical structure of quantum mechanics like the probability amplitudes, Born rule, commutation and uncertainty relations, probability density current, momentum operator, rules for including the scalar and vector potentials and antiparticles can be obtained from the probabilistic description of results of measurement of the space coordinates and time. Equations of motion of quantum mechanics, the Klein-Gordon equation, Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation are obtained from the requirement of the relativistic invariance of the space-time Fisher information. The limit case of the delta-like probability densities leads to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation of classical mechanics. Many particle systems and the postulates of quantum mechanics are also discussed.

Related papers

Contribution to understanding the mathematical structure of quantum mechanics

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Probabilistic description of results of measurements and its consequences for understanding quantum mechanics are discussed. It is shown that the basic mathematical structure of quantum mechanics like the probability amplitudes, the Born rule, commutation and uncertainty relations, probability density current, momentum operator, and rules for including the scalar and vector potentials and antiparticles can be obtained from the probabilistic description of results of measurement of the space coordinates and time. Equations of motion of quantum mechanics, the Klein-Gordon equation, the Schrödinger equation, and the Dirac equation are obtained from the requirement of the relativistic invariance of the space-time Fisher information. The limit case of th e δ-like probability densities leads to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation of classical mechanics. Manyparticle systems and the postulates of quantum mechanics are also discussed.

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From probabilities to Hamilton's principle

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We show that quantum theory (QT) is a substructure of classical probabilistic physics. The central quantity of the classical theory is Hamilton’s function, which determines canonical equations, a corresponding flow, and a Liouville equation for a probability density. We extend this theory in two respects: (1) The same structure is defined for arbitrary observables. Thus, we have all of the above entities generated not only by Hamilton’s function but also by every observable. (2) We introduce for each observable a phase space function representing the classical action. This is a redundant quantity in a classical context but indispensable for the transition to QT. The basic equations of the resulting theory take a “quantum-like” form, which allows for a simple derivation of QT by means of a projection to configuration space reported previously [Quantum Stud Math Found 5:219–227, 2018]. We obtain the most important relations of QT, namely the form of operators, Schrödinger’s equation, eigenvalue equations, commutation relations, expectation values, and Born’s rule. Implications for the interpretation of QT are discussed, as well as an alternative projection method allowing for a derivation of spin.

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QUANTUM MECHANICS AS A MEASUREMENT THEORY ON BICONFORMAL SPACE

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Biconformal spaces contain the essential elements of quantum mechanics, making the independent imposition of quantization unnecessary. Based on three postulates characterizing motion and measurement in biconformal geometry, we derive standard quantum mechanics, and show how the need for probability amplitudes arises from the use of a standard of measurement. Additionally, we show that a postulate for unique, classical motion yields Hamiltonian dynamics with no measurable size changes, while a postulate for probabilistic evolution leads to physical dilatations manifested as measurable phase changes. Our results lead to the Feynman path integral formulation, from which follows the Schrödinger equation. We discuss the Heisenberg uncertainty relation and fundamental canonical commutation relations.

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AI Trinity Labo

This work presents a reconstruction of quantum mechanics in which Schrödinger-type dynamics emerges from reversible probabilistic evolution rather than being postulated. Starting from a normalized probability density, we impose reversible probability dynamics, Fisher information geometry, and classical correspondence. These compatibility conditions yield coupled real equations equivalent to the continuity equation and the Hamilton–Jacobi equation with an additional information curvature (quantum potential) term. By combining density and phase into a complex amplitude, the Schrödinger equation appears as a compact encoding of reversible statistical flow. The result is mathematically equivalent to the Madelung hydrodynamic formulation and structurally connected to Bohmian mechanics, but derived without assuming Hilbert space, operator axioms, or measurement postulates. The work can therefore be viewed as an information-geometric derivation of quantum dynamics: quantum theory arises as the unique consistent representation of reversible probability flow. Keywords: quantum foundations, quantum reconstruction, emergent quantum mechanics, derivation of the Schrödinger equation, information geometry, Fisher information, Hamilton–Jacobi theory, Madelung formulation, Bohmian mechanics, reversible probability dynamics

•Feb 16, 2026•0 citations
Probabilistic description of results of measurements and its consequences for understanding quantum mechanics are discussed. It is shown that the basic mathematical structure of quantum mechanics like the probability amplitudes, Born rule, commutation and uncertainty relations, probability density current, momentum operator, rules for including the scalar and vector potentials and antiparticles can be obtained from the probabilistic description of results of measurement of the space coordinates and time. Equations of motion of quantum mechanics, the Klein-Gordon equation, Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation are obtained from the requirement of the relativistic invariance of the space-time Fisher information. The limit case of the delta-like probability densities leads to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation of classical mechanics. Many particle systems and the postulates of quantum mechanics are also discussed.
Probabilistic description of results of measurements and its consequences for understanding quantum mechanics are discussed. It is shown that the basic mathematical structure of quantum mechanics like the probability amplitudes, the Born rule, commutation and uncertainty relations, probability density current, momentum operator, and rules for including the scalar and vector potentials and antiparticles can be obtained from the probabilistic description of results of measurement of the space coordinates and time. Equations of motion of quantum mechanics, the Klein-Gordon equation, the Schrödinger equation, and the Dirac equation are obtained from the requirement of the relativistic invariance of the space-time Fisher information. The limit case of th e δ-like probability densities leads to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation of classical mechanics. Manyparticle systems and the postulates of quantum mechanics are also discussed.
Probabilistic description of results of measurements and its consequences for understanding quantum mechanics are discussed. It is shown that the basic mathematical structure of quantum mechanics like the probability amplitudes, Born rule, probability density current, commutation and uncertainty relations, momentum operator, rules for including scalar and vector potentials and antiparticles can be derived from the definition of the mean values of powers of space coordinates and time. Equations of motion of quantum mechanics, the Klein-Gordon equation, Schrödinger equation and Dirac equation are obtained from the requirement of the relativistic invariance of the theory. The limit case of localized probability densities leads to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation of classical mechanics. Many-particle systems are also discussed.
We show that quantum theory (QT) is a substructure of classical probabilistic physics. The central quantity of the classical theory is Hamilton’s function, which determines canonical equations, a corresponding flow, and a Liouville equation for a probability density. We extend this theory in two respects: (1) The same structure is defined for arbitrary observables. Thus, we have all of the above entities generated not only by Hamilton’s function but also by every observable. (2) We introduce for each observable a phase space function representing the classical action. This is a redundant quantity in a classical context but indispensable for the transition to QT. The basic equations of the resulting theory take a “quantum-like” form, which allows for a simple derivation of QT by means of a projection to configuration space reported previously [Quantum Stud Math Found 5:219–227, 2018]. We obtain the most important relations of QT, namely the form of operators, Schrödinger’s equation, eigenvalue equations, commutation relations, expectation values, and Born’s rule. Implications for the interpretation of QT are discussed, as well as an alternative projection method allowing for a derivation of spin.
Biconformal spaces contain the essential elements of quantum mechanics, making the independent imposition of quantization unnecessary. Based on three postulates characterizing motion and measurement in biconformal geometry, we derive standard quantum mechanics, and show how the need for probability amplitudes arises from the use of a standard of measurement. Additionally, we show that a postulate for unique, classical motion yields Hamiltonian dynamics with no measurable size changes, while a postulate for probabilistic evolution leads to physical dilatations manifested as measurable phase changes. Our results lead to the Feynman path integral formulation, from which follows the Schrödinger equation. We discuss the Heisenberg uncertainty relation and fundamental canonical commutation relations.
This work presents a reconstruction of quantum mechanics in which Schrödinger-type dynamics emerges from reversible probabilistic evolution rather than being postulated. Starting from a normalized probability density, we impose reversible probability dynamics, Fisher information geometry, and classical correspondence. These compatibility conditions yield coupled real equations equivalent to the continuity equation and the Hamilton–Jacobi equation with an additional information curvature (quantum potential) term. By combining density and phase into a complex amplitude, the Schrödinger equation appears as a compact encoding of reversible statistical flow. The result is mathematically equivalent to the Madelung hydrodynamic formulation and structurally connected to Bohmian mechanics, but derived without assuming Hilbert space, operator axioms, or measurement postulates. The work can therefore be viewed as an information-geometric derivation of quantum dynamics: quantum theory arises as the unique consistent representation of reversible probability flow. Keywords: quantum foundations, quantum reconstruction, emergent quantum mechanics, derivation of the Schrödinger equation, information geometry, Fisher information, Hamilton–Jacobi theory, Madelung formulation, Bohmian mechanics, reversible probability dynamics