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Critical stability of three-body relativistic bound states with zero-range interaction

Vladimir A. Karmanov, Jaume Carbonell

Published Sep 1, 2003• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

For zero-range interaction providing a given mass M_2 of the two-body bound state, the mass M_3 of the relativistic three-body bound state is calculated. We have found that the three-body system exists only when M_2 is greater than a critical value M_c (approx. 1.43m for bosons and approx. 1.35m for fermions, m is the constituent mass). For M_2=M_c the mass M_3 turns into zero and for M_2

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For zero-range interaction providing a given mass M_2 of the two-body bound state, the mass M_3 of the relativistic three-body bound state is calculated. We have found that the three-body system exists only when M_2 is greater than a critical value M_c (approx. 1.43m for bosons and approx. 1.35m for fermions, m is the constituent mass). For M_2=M_c the mass M_3 turns into zero and for M_2
The momentum space zero-range model is used to investigate universal properties of three interacting particles confined to two dimensions. The pertinent equations are first formulated for a system of two identical and one distinct particle and the two different two-body subsystems are characterized by two-body energies and masses. The three-body energy in units of one of the two-body energies is a universal function of the other two-body energy and the mass ratio. We derive convenient analytical formulae for calculations of the three-body energy as a function of these two independent parameters and exhibit the results as universal curves. In particular, we show that the three-body system can have any number of stable bound states. When the mass ratio of the distinct to identical particles is greater than 0.22, we find that at most two stable bound states exist, while for two heavy and one light mass an increasing number of bound states is possible. The specific number of stable bound states depends on the ratio of two-body bound state energies and on the mass ratio, and we map out an energy–mass phase diagram of the number of stable bound states. Realizable systems of both fermions and bosons are discussed in this framework.
The Bethe–Salpeter equation for three bosons with zero-range interaction is solved for the first time. For comparison the light-front equation is also solved. The input is the two-body scattering length and the outputs are the three-body binding energies, Bethe–Salpeter amplitudes and light-front wave functions. Three different regimes are analyzed: ( i ) For weak enough two-body interaction the three-body system is unbound. ( ii ) For stronger two-body interaction a three-body bound state appears. It provides an interesting example of a deeply bound Borromean system. ( iii ) For even stronger two-body interaction this state becomes unphysical with a negative mass squared. However, another physical (excited) state appears, found previously in light-front calculations. The Bethe–Salpeter approach implicitly incorporates three-body forces of relativistic origin, which are attractive and increase the binding energy.
We investigate one-dimensional three-body systems composed of two identical bosons and one mass-imbalanced atom (impurity) with attractive two-body and three-body zero-range interactions. In the absence of three-body interaction, we give a complete phase diagram of the number of three-body bound states in the whole region of mass ratio and the ratio of intra- and intercomponent interaction strength via direct calculation of Skornyakov-Ter-Martirosyan equations. We demonstrate that other low-lying three-body bound states emerge when the mass of the impurity particle is different from other two identical particles. We obtain the binding energies together with the corresponding wave functions. When the mass of impurity atom is very large, there are at most three three-body bound states. In the presence of three-body zero-range interaction, we reveal that weak three-body interaction will not always induce one more three-body bound state. At some special parameter points, arbitrary small three-body interaction can generate one more three-body bound state. This corresponds to the transition of the number of three-body bound states induced only by two-body attractive interaction.
We investigate one-dimensional three-body systems composed of two identical bosons and one imbalanced atom (impurity) with two-body and three-body zero-range interactions. For the case in the absence of three-body interaction, we give a complete phase diagram of the number of three-body bound states in the whole region of mass ratio via the direct calculation of the Skornyakov-Ter-Martirosyan equations. We demonstrate that other low-lying three-body bound states emerge when the mass of the impurity particle is not equal to another two identical particles. We can obtain not only the binding energies but also the corresponding wave functions. When the mass of impurity atom is vary large, there are at most three three-body bound states. We then study the effect of three-body zero-range interaction and unveil that it can induces one more three-body bound state at a certain region of coupling strength ratio under a fixed mass ratio.