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Quantum Zeno-like effect and spectra of particles in cascade transition

Panov, Alexander D

Published Jan 1, 2000• 2 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Shr\\"odinger equation for two-step spontaneous cascade transition in a three-level quantum system is solved by means of Markovian approximation for non-Markovian integro-differential evolution equations for amplitudes of states. It is shown that both decay constant and radiation shift of initial level are affected by instability of intermediate level of the cascade. These phenomena are interpreted as the different manifestations of quantum Zeno-like effect. The spectra of particles emitted during the cascade transition are calculated in the general case and, in particular, for an unusual situation when the initial state is lower than the intermediate one. It is shown that the spectra of particles do not have a peak-like shape in the latter case.

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Physical Review A•Aug 1, 1991•72 citations
Shr\"odinger equation for two-step spontaneous cascade transition in a three-level quantum system is solved by means of Markovian approximation for non-Markovian integro-differential evolution equations for amplitudes of states. It is shown that both decay constant and radiation shift of initial level are affected by instability of intermediate level of the cascade. These phenomena are interpreted as the different manifestations of quantum Zeno-like effect. The spectra of particles emitted during the cascade transition are calculated in the general case and, in particular, for an unusual situation when the initial state is lower than the intermediate one. It is shown that the spectra of particles do not have a peak-like shape in the latter case.
A general expression for the spectrum of cascade spontaneous emission from an arbitrary multilevel system is presented. Effects of the quantum interference of photons emitted in different transitions are analyzed. These effects are especially essential when the transition frequencies are close. Several examples are considered: (i) Three-level system; (ii) Harmonic oscillator; (iii) System with equidistant levels and equal rates of the spontaneous decay for all the transitions; (iv) Dicke superradiance model.
The spontaneous emission spectrum for a three-level cascade configuration atom in a single mode high-Q cavity coupled to a zero temperature reservoir of continuum external modes is determined from the atom–cavity mode master equation using the quantum regression theorem. Initially the atom is in its upper state and the cavity mode empty of photons. Following Glauber, the spectrum is defined via the response of a detector atom. Spectra are calculated for the detector located inside the cavity (case A), outside the cavity end mirror (case B—end emission), or placed for emission out the side of the cavity (case C). The spectra for case A and case B are found to be essentially the same. In all the cases the predicted lineshapes are free of instrumental effects and only due to cavity decay. Spectra are presented for intermediate and strong coupling regime situations (where both atomic transitions are resonant with the cavity frequency), for cases of non-zero cavity detuning, and for cases where the two atomic transition frequencies differ. The spectral features for cases B(A) and C are qualitatively similar, with six spectral peaks for resonance cases and eight for detuned cases. These general features of the spectra can be understood via the dressed atom model. However, case B and C spectra differ in detail, with the latter exhibiting a deep spectral hole at the cavity frequency due to quantum interference effects.
The third level has great influence on the time evolution of the spontaneous decay from the excited state, when the counter-rotating terms are taken into account. The influence in the cascade-type and V\mathsf{V}V-type three-level systems is investigated for two initial states, excited from the ground states of the whole system (atom plus vacuum modes) and from the bare atom. The third level results in the additional virtual photon processes, emitting a photon from one level and reabsorbing the same photon to another level and vice versa. The main influence of the third level is to accelerate the decay, which leads to or enhances the anti-Zeno effect, especially for the initial state excited from the ground state of the whole system. Therefore, the third level cannot be neglected, if the counter-rotating terms are taken into account.
Itano and co-workers [Wayne M. Itano, D. J. Heinzen, J. J. Bollinger, and D. J. Wineland, Phys. Rev. A 41, 2295 (1990)] have recently reported the experimental verification of the quantum Zeno effect, which is the inhibition of a quantum transition by frequent measurements. In this article, we offer an alternative interpretation of the quantum Zeno effect. We show that an analysis of the dynamics of the full three-level system gives the same result. There is no need to assume explicitly that the wave function has collapsed, nor even to assume that an ideal measurement has been made. In addition, we differentiate between what has been referred to as the quantum Zeno effect and what has been termed the quantum Zeno paradox. The former is the inhibition of induced transitions, and the latter is the, as yet experimentally unobserved, inhibition of spontaneous decay. Our interpretation, which emphasizes the ``measurement''-induced interruption of atomic-state coherences as the cause of inhibited quantum transitions, suggests a resolution to the quantum Zeno paradox. The theoretical limit of continuous observation is discussed.