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Volume of the quantum mechanical state space

Attila Andai

Published Jan 1, 2006• 19 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The volume of the quantum mechanical state space over n-dimensional real, complex and quaternionic Hilbert-spaces with respect to the canonical Euclidean measure is computed, and explicit formulas are presented for the expected value of the determinant in the general setting too. The case when the state space is endowed with a monotone metric or a pullback metric is considered too, we give formulas for the volume of the state space with respect to the given Riemannian metric. We present the volume of the space of qubits with respect to various monotone metrics. It turns out that the volume of the space of qubits can be infinite too. We characterize those monotone metrics which generates infinite volume.

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•Jan 1, 2011•0 citations
The volume of the quantum mechanical state space over n-dimensional real, complex and quaternionic Hilbert-spaces with respect to the canonical Euclidean measure is computed, and explicit formulas are presented for the expected value of the determinant in the general setting too. The case when the state space is endowed with a monotone metric or a pullback metric is considered too, we give formulas for the volume of the state space with respect to the given Riemannian metric. We present the volume of the space of qubits with respect to various monotone metrics. It turns out that the volume of the space of qubits can be infinite too. We characterize those monotone metrics which generates infinite volume.
The volume of the quantum mechanical state space over n -dimensional real, complex and quaternionic Hilbert spaces with respect to the canonical Euclidean measure is computed, and explicit formulae are presented for the expected value of the determinant also in the general setting. The case when the state space is endowed with a monotone metric or a pull-back metric is also considered; we give formulae for the volume of the state space with respect to the given Riemannian metric. We present the volume of the space of qubits with respect to various monotone metrics. It turns out that the volume of the space of qubits can also be infinite. We characterize those monotone metrics which generate infinite volume.
We quantise complex, infinite-dimensional projective space CP(ℋ). We apply the result to quantise a complex, finite-dimensional, classical phase space [Formula: see text] whose symplectic volume is infinite, by holomorphically embedding it into CP(ℋ). The embedding is univocally determined by requiring it to be an isometry between the Bergman metric on [Formula: see text] and the Fubini–Study metric on CP(ℋ). Then the Hilbert-space bundle over [Formula: see text] is the pullback, by the embedding, of the Hilbert-space bundle over CP(ℋ).
The simplest building blocks for quantum computations are the qbit-qbit quantum channels. In this paper we analyse the structure of these channels via their Choi representation. The restriction of a quantum channel to the space of classical states (i.e. probability distributions) is called the underlying classical channel. The structure of quantum channels over a fixed classical channel is studied, the volume of general and unital qubit channels over real and complex state spaces with respect to the Lebesgue measure is computed and explicit formulas are presented for the distribution of the volume of quantum channels over given classical channels. Moreover an algorithm is presented to generate uniformly distributed channels with respect to the Lebesgue measure, which enables further studies. With this algorithm the distribution of trace-distance contraction coefficient (Dobrushin) is investigated numerically by Monte-Carlo simulations, which leads to some conjectures and points out the strange behaviour of the real state space.
A Riemannian metric is defined on the state space of a finite quantum system by the canonical correlation (or Kubo–Mori/Bogoliubov scalar product). This metric is infinitesimally induced by the (nonsymmetric) relative entropy functional or the von Neumann entropy of density matrices. Hence its geometry expresses maximal uncertainty. It is proven that the metric is monotone under stochastic mappings, however, an example shows that it is not the only such Riemannian metric. This fact is remarkable because in the probabilistic case, the Markovian monotonicity property characterizes the Fisher information metric. The essential difference appears in the curvatures of a classical state space and a quantum one. A conjecture is made that the scalar curvature is monotone with respect to the ‘‘more mixed’’ (statistical) partial order of density matrices. Furthermore, an information inequality resembling the Cramér–Rao inequality of classical statistics is established. The inequality provides a lower bound for the canonical correlation matrix (of an unbiased observable) and it is saturated when a (partial) observation level and the corresponding family of coarse-grained states are considered.
Paralleling our recent computationally-intensive work for the case N=4 (quant-ph/0308037), we undertake the task for N=6 of computing to high numerical accuracy, the formulas of Sommers and Zyczkowski (quant-ph/0304041) for the (N^2-1)-dimensional volume and (N^2-2)-dimensional hyperarea of the (separable and nonseparable) N x N density matrices, based on the Bures (minimal monotone) metric. At the same time, we estimate the unknown volumes and hyperareas based on a number of other monotone metrics of interest. Additionally, we estimate -- but with perhaps unavoidably diminished accuracy -- all these volume and hyperarea quantities, when restricted to the ``small'' subset of 6 x 6 density matrices that are separable (classically correlated) in nature. The ratios of separable to separable plus nonseparable volumes, then, yield corresponding estimates of the ``probabilities of separability''. We are particularly interested in exploring the possibility that a number of the various 35-dimensional volumes and 34-dimensional hyperareas, possess exact values -- which we had, in fact, conjectured to be the case for the qubit-qubit systems (N=4), with the ``silver mean'', sqrt{2}-1, appearing to play a fundamental role as regards the separable states.
A fundamental starting point in quantum information theory is the consideration of the von Neumann entropy and its generalization to relative quantum entropies. A particular feature of quantum relative entropies is their relation via their Hessian to monotonic Riemannian metrics on the dense set of invertible mixed quantum states (Lesniewski and Ruskai 1999). These metrics are also known as quantum Fisher information metrics and provide a direct link to quantum estimation theory (Helstrom 1969). Quantum Fisher information metrics which are extendable to pure states coincide all with the Fubini Study metric of the projective Hilbert space of complex rays. This theses outlines possible advantages of an inverse approach to quantum information theory, by starting with the Fubini Study metric rather then with the von Neumann entropy. This is done in a first step by associating to the Fubini Study metric a covariant and a contra-variant structure on the punctured Hilbert space as being available in the geometric formulation of quantum mechanics. While the contra-variant structure leads to a quantum version of the Cramér-Rao inequality for general 1-dimensional submanifolds of pure states, the covariant structure provides alternative entanglement monotones by identifying an inner product on the pullback tensor fields on local unitary group orbits of quantum states. It is shown in the case of two qubits that these monotones yield a more efficient estimation of entanglement than standard measures from the literature as those associated with the linearization of the von Neumann entropy.