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Combinatorial Approach to Modeling Quantum Systems

Vladimir V. Kornyak

Published Feb 9, 2016• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

\nUsing the fact that any linear representation of a group can be embedded into permutations, we propose a constructive description of quantum behavior that provides, in particular, a natural explanation of the appearance of complex numbers and unitarity in the formalism of the quantum mechanics. In our approach, the quantum behavior can be explained by the fundamental impossibility to trace the identity of the indistinguishable objects in their evolution. Any observation only provides information about the invariant relations between such objects.\nThe trajectory of a quantum system is a sequence of unitary evolutions interspersed with observations—non-unitary projections. We suggest a scheme to construct combinatorial models of quantum evolution. The principle of selection of the most likely trajectories in such models via the large numbers approximation leads in the continuum limit to the principle of least action with the appropriate Lagrangians and deterministic evolution equations\n

DOI
10.1051/epjconf/201610801007/pdf

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\nUsing the fact that any linear representation of a group can be embedded into permutations, we propose a constructive description of quantum behavior that provides, in particular, a natural explanation of the appearance of complex numbers and unitarity in the formalism of the quantum mechanics. In our approach, the quantum behavior can be explained by the fundamental impossibility to trace the identity of the indistinguishable objects in their evolution. Any observation only provides information about the invariant relations between such objects.\nThe trajectory of a quantum system is a sequence of unitary evolutions interspersed with observations—non-unitary projections. We suggest a scheme to construct combinatorial models of quantum evolution. The principle of selection of the most likely trajectories in such models via the large numbers approximation leads in the continuum limit to the principle of least action with the appropriate Lagrangians and deterministic evolution equations\n
Using the fact that any linear representation of a group can be embedded into permutations, we propose a constructive description of quantum behavior that provides, in particular, a natural explanation of the appearance of complex numbers and unitarity in the formalism of the quantum mechanics. In our approach, the quantum behavior can be explained by the fundamental impossibility to trace the identity of the indistinguishable objects in their evolution. Any observation only provides information about the invariant relations between such objects.
We analyse quantum concepts in a constructive finite background. Introduction of continuum or other actual infinities into physics leads to non-constructivity without any need for them in description of empirical observations. We argue that quantum behavior is a natural consequence of symmetries of dynamical systems. It is a result of fundamental impossibility to trace identity of indistinguishable objects in their evolution — only information about invariant combinations of such objects is available. General mathematical arguments imply that any quantum dynamics can be reduced to a sequence of permutations. Quantum phenomena, such as interferences, arise in invariant subspaces of permutation representations of the symmetry group of a system. Observable quantities can be expressed in terms of the permutation invariants. We demonstrate that for description of quantum phenomena there is no need to use such non-constructive number system as complex numbers. It is sufficient to employ the cyclotomic numbers — a minimal extension of the natural numbers which is suitable for quantum mechanics.
This essay advocates the view that any problem that has a meaningful empirical content, can be formulated in constructive, more definitely, finite terms. We consider combinatorial models of dynamical systems and approaches to statistical description of such models. We demonstrate that many concepts of continuous physics --- such as continuous symmetries, the principle of least action, Lagrangians, deterministic evolution equations --- can be obtained from combinatorial structures as a result of the large number approximation. We propose a constructive description of quantum behavior that provides, in particular, a natural explanation of appearance of complex numbers in the formalism of quantum mechanics. Some approaches to construction of discrete models of quantum evolution that involve gauge connections are discussed.
Concepts of quantum theory are considered from the constructive “finite” point of view. The introduction of a continuum or other actual infinities in physics destroys constructiveness without any need for them in describing empirical observations. It is shown that quantum behavior is a natural consequence of symmetries of dynamical systems. The underlying reason is that it is impossible in principle to trace the identity of indistinguishable objects in their evolution—only information about invariant statements and values concerning such objects is available. General mathematical arguments indicate that any quantum dynamics is reducible to a sequence of permutations. Quantum phenomena, such as interference, arise in invariant subspaces of permutation representations of the symmetry group of a dynamical system. Observable quantities can be expressed in terms of permutation invariants. It is shown that nonconstructive number systems, such as complex numbers, are not needed for describing quantum phenomena. It is sufficient to employ cyclotomic numbers—a minimal extension of natural numbers that is appropriate for quantum mechanics. The use of finite groups in physics, which underlies the present approach, has an additional motivation. Numerous experiments and observations in the particle physics suggest the importance of finite groups of relatively small orders in some fundamental processes. The origin of these groups is unclear within the currently accepted theories—in particular, within the Standard Model.
We consider the problem of quantum behavior in the finite background. Introduction of continuum or other infinities into physics leads only to technical complications without any need for them in description of empirical observations. The finite approach makes the problem constructive and more tractable. We argue that quantum behavior is a natural consequence of symmetries of dynamical systems. It is a result of fundamental impossibility to trace identity of indistinguishable objects in their evolution - only information about invariant combinations of such objects is available. We demonstrate that any quantum dynamics can be embedded into a simple permutation dynamics. Quantum phenomena, such as interferences, arise in invariant subspaces of permutation representations of the symmetry group of a system. Observable quantities can be expressed in terms of the permutation invariants.
We study deterministic and quantum dynamics from a constructive “finite” point of view, since the introduction of the continuum or other actual infinities in physics poses severe conceptual and technical difficulties, and while all of these concepts are not really needed in physics, which is in fact an empirical science. Particular attention is paid to the symmetry properties of discrete systems. For a consistent description of the symmetries of dynamical systems at different time instants and the symmetries of various parts of such systems, we introduce discrete analogs of gauge connections. These gauge structures are particularly important to describe the quantum behavior. The symmetries govern the fundamental properties of the behavior of dynamical systems. In particular, we can show that the moving soliton-like structures are inevitable in a deterministic (classical) dynamical system, whose symmetry group breaks the set of states into a finite number of orbits of the group. We demonstrate that the quantum behavior is a natural consequence of symmetries of dynamical systems. This behavior is a result of the fundamental inability to trace the identity of indistinguish-able objects during their evolution. Information is only available on invariant statements and values related with such objects. Using general mathematical arguments, any quantum dynamics can be shown to reduce to a sequence of permutations. The quantum interferences occur in the invariant subspaces of permutation representations of the symmetry groups of dynamical systems. The observables can be expressed in terms of permutation invariants. We also show that in order to describe quantum phenomena it is sufficient to use cyclotomic fields—the minimal extensions of natural numbers suitable for quantum mechanics, instead of a non-constructive number system—the field of complex numbers. The finite groups of symmetries play the central role in this review. In physics there is an additional reason for such groups to be of interest. Numerous experiments and observations in particle physics point to the importance of finite groups of relatively low orders in a number of fundamental processes. The origin of these groups has no explanation within presently recognized theories, such as the Standard Model.