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Geometric Phases and Quantum Computations

Published Jan 1, 2001• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Calculation aspects of holonomic quantum computer (HQC) are considered. Wilczek–Zee potential defining the set of quantum calculations for HQC is explicitly evaluated. Principal possibility of realization of the logical gates for this case is discussed. The conception of quantum computer (QC) and quantum calculation developed in 80-th [1]–[2] were found to be fruitful both for computer science and mathematics as well as for physics [3]. Although a device being able to perform quantum calculations is far away from practical realization, there is a number of theoretical proposals of such a construct [4]–[16]. Recently holonomic realization of QC was proposed [17],[18]. It is based on the notion of non-Abelian Berry phase[19].To perform quantum computations in this approach one needs a parametrically driven quantum system described by the Hamiltonian H(λ) with adiabatically evolving parameters λ(t) = (λ1(t),..., λN(t)). Adiabaticity means that Ω ≪ ωmin where Ω is the characteristic frequency in the Fourier spectrum of λ(t) and ωmin is the minimal transition frequency in the spectrum

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Calculation aspects of holonomic quantum computer (HQC) are considered. Wilczek–Zee potential defining the set of quantum calculations for HQC is explicitly evaluated. Principal possibility of realization of the logical gates for this case is discussed. The conception of quantum computer (QC) and quantum calculation developed in 80-th [1]–[2] were found to be fruitful both for computer science and mathematics as well as for physics [3]. Although a device being able to perform quantum calculations is far away from practical realization, there is a number of theoretical proposals of such a construct [4]–[16]. Recently holonomic realization of QC was proposed [17],[18]. It is based on the notion of non-Abelian Berry phase[19].To perform quantum computations in this approach one needs a parametrically driven quantum system described by the Hamiltonian H(λ) with adiabatically evolving parameters λ(t) = (λ1(t),..., λN(t)). Adiabaticity means that Ω ≪ ωmin where Ω is the characteristic frequency in the Fourier spectrum of λ(t) and ωmin is the minimal transition frequency in the spectrum
Geometric phase that manifests itself in number of optic and nuclear experiments is shown to be a useful tool for realization of quantum computations in so called holonomic quantum computer model (HQCM). This model is considered as an externally driven quantum system with adiabatic evolution law and finite number of the energy levels. The corresponding evolution operators represent quantum gates of HQCM. The explicit expression for the gates is derived both for one-qubit and for multi-qubit quantum gates as Abelian and non-Abelian geometric phases provided the energy levels to be time-independent or in other words for rotational adiabatic evolution of the system. Application of non-adiabatic geometric-like phases in quantum computations is also discussed for a Caldeira-Legett-type model (one-qubit gates) and for the spin 3/2 quadrupole NMR model (two-qubit gates). Generic quantum gates for these two models are derived. The possibility of construction of the universal quantum gates in both cases is shown.
In 1984 Berry pointed out that abelian gauge structures exist naturally in slowly varying quantum system. Since then, a great deal of interest both theoretically and experimentally has been devoted to the interpretation, generalization and detection of geometric phases. In particular, relevant for the present work, it has been shown that a non-Abelian gauge structure emerges if a set of quantum states remains degenerate as the Hamiltonian varies. Non-Abelian phases have been originally investigated in Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance. More recently, they have found a renewed interest within the field of Quantum Computation, since it has been proved that quantum gates can be also implemented by geometrical means using both Abelian and non-Abelian phases. In this novel geometric approach, known as Holonomic Quantum Computation (HQC), information is encoded in a degenerate eigenspace of a parametric family of Hamiltonians and the computational network of unitary quantum gates is realized by driving adiabatically the Hamiltonian parameters along loops in a control manifold. By properly designing such loops, the non trivial curvature of the geometry of the control manifold gives rise to unitary transformations, i.e. holonomies, that implement desired quantum gates. Until now only one scheme has been proposed to realize HQC in trapped ions by means of pulsed coherent excitations. On the other hand, it would be of great interest to have an implementation for solid-state systems, in view of their scalability and integrability. In particular, the impressing development of nanotechnologies with the consequent control of artificial two-level system in superconducting devices stimulates a more detailed investigation of geometric interference in mesoscopic systems. Here we show that non-Abelian phases can appear in the quantum charge dynamics of Josephson networks. Besides their possible detection, we shall see how they may be employed both in adiabatic charge pumping and as an implementation of HQC with Josephson junctions. 2. Josephson network for non abelian phases
Holonomic Quantum Computation (HQC) is an all-geometrical approach to quantum information processing. In the HQC strategy information is encoded in degenerate eigen-spaces of a parametric family of Hamiltonians. The computational network of unitary quantum gates is realized by driving adiabatically the Hamiltonian parameters along loops in a control manifold. By properly designing such loops the nontrivial curvature of the underlying bundle geometry gives rise to unitary transformations i.e., holonomies that implement the desired unitary transformations. Conditions necessary for universal QC are stated in terms of the curvature associated to the non-abelian gauge potential (connection) over the control manifold. In view of their geometrical nature the holonomic gates are robust against several kind of perturbations and imperfections. This fact along with the adiabatic fashion in which gates are performed makes in principle HQC an appealing way towards universal fault-tolerant QC.
Geometric quantum phases enable the construction geometric quantum gates, whose action only depend on the evolution path in state space. Geometric gates may offer increased robustness to control parameter noise. In this report, the conditions under which non-adiabatic geometric and holonomic quantum gates preserve their geometric character under sequential composition are analysed. Grover’s search algorithm requiring non-commuting operations is used as a representative example. The basic concepts of qubits, quantum gates and quantum circuits are explained. The concept of geometric phases is introduced and derivations of Abelian and non-Abelian non-adiabatic geometric phases are provided (Aharonov-Anandan and Anandan phase respectively). Construction of geometric and holonomic universal quantum gate sets with the aforementioned geometric phases are briefly described.Explicit calculation of two non-commuting Abelian and non-adiabatic geometric time evolutions show that the successively combined operation is not geometric. A proof of successive combinations of non-Abelian and non-adiabatic geometric time evolutions preserving their non-adiabatic Abelian and geometric properties is given. The report concludes that it is in general not possible to perform quantum circuits completely geometrically with a geometric universal quantum gate set. However, performing quantum computations with gates from a holonomic universal gate set is geometric and holonomic throughout the computation.
Quantum computation has been shown to be superior to classical computation in solving some problems, and therefore can substantially change our life. However, the realization of quantum computation is still challenging, even if quantum technologies have been improved significantly. Two main obstacles to the realization of practical quantum computation are control errors and decoherence. Control errors are caused by inaccurate manipulations of quantum systems and decoherence is caused by the inevitable interaction between the system and its environment. Geometric phases are only dependent on evolution paths of quantum systems but independent of the evolution details and therefore quantum computation based on geometric phases, i.e., geometric quantum computation, is robust against control errors, benefiting the realization of practical quantum computation. The early proposals of geometric quantum computation are based on adiabatic geometric phases. These proposals require quantum systems to undergo adiabatic evolution, which makes quantum systems evolve for a long time. To circumvent this, nonadiabatic geometric quantum computation based on nonadiabatic Abelian geometric phases was proposed soon after. In 2012, nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation based on nonadiabatic non-Abelian geometric phases was proposed, which also circumvents long-time evolutions. Moreover, compared with nonadiabatic geometric quantum computation that uses the geometric phase as one parameter of a quantum gate, nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation uses the holonomic matrix itself as a quantum gate. This makes nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation possess whole-geometric property. Due to the merits of both geometric robustness and high-speed implementation without the limit of adiabatic evolution, nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation has been attracting much attention. Until now, much progress has been achieved in the field of nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation. On one hand, various methods have been proposed to design more efficient nonadiabatic holonomic gates. Nonadiabatic holonomic gates were first realized by using resonant laser fields to drive a three-level system. After this, the single-shot proposal and the single-loop proposal were proposed, allowing us to realize one-qubit gates by a shorter path and thereby reducing the exposure time of nonadiabatic holonomic gates to the environment. To further shorten the exposure time, the path-shortening protocol was put forward, where nonadiabatic holonomic gates can be realized based on a class of extended evolution paths that are shorter than the former ones. Recently, a general approach of constructing Hamiltonians for nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation was put forward, by using which one can easily find a Hamiltonian making the quantum system evolve along a desired path so that nonadiabatic holonomic gates can be realized with an economical evolution time. On the other hand, various methods have been proposed to combine nonadiabatic holonomic gates and various decoherence-resilient methods, making the resulting schemes robust against both control errors and decoherence. The first proposal in this aspect is combining nonadiabatic holonomic gates and decoherence-free subspaces. Gradually, proposals combining nonadiabatic holonomic gates with noiseless subsystems, dynamical decoupling and surface codes were put forward. Last but not least, various proposals suitable for specific physical systems have been proposed and particularly various experimental platforms have been used to demonstrate nonadiabatic holonomic gates. This also significantly improves the development of nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation. In this paper, we review the above research advances on nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation, aiming to help readers understand the main developments of nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation.