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Optical Lattices: Theory

Augusto Smerzi, A. Trombettoni

Published Jan 1, 2007• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

This chapter presents an overview of the properties of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) trapped in a periodic potential. This system has attracted a wide interest in the last years, and a few excellent reviews of the field have already appeared in the literature (see, for instance, [1, 2, 3] and references therein). For this reason,

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Summary form only given. Since the experimental realization of Bose-Einstein condensation in the magnetically trapped quantum atomic gases, there have now been an enormous quantity of theory devoted to the properties of the trapped Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC). Motivated by the existing experiments, the bulk of the theoretical work has assumed a harmonic trap. Although recently a few papers have considered the consequences of exposing a BEC to a periodic optical potential, BEC confined in an optical lattice is still a new topic in this area. In the work, we develop theory to study the stationary and propagating properties of a Bose-Einstein condensate in an optical lattice. Instead of using an infinite optical lattice, we study the realistic case where the BEC is formed in a finite trapping potential and then is exposed to an infinite periodic potential created by off-resonance multiple laser beams.
Matter waves inside periodic potentials are well known from solid-state physics, where electrons interacting with a crystal lattice are considered. Atomic Bose-Einstein condensates inside light-induced periodic potentials (optical lattices) share many features with electrons in solids, but also with light waves in nonlinear materials and other nonlinear systems. Generally, atom-atom interactions in Bose-Einstein condensates lead to rich and interesting nonlinear effects. Furthermore, the experimental control over the parameters of the periodic potential and the condensate make it possible to enter regimes inaccessible in other systems. In this review, an introduction to the physics of ultracold bosonic atoms in optical lattices is given and an overview of the theoretical and experimental advances to date.
Since the nowadays growing interest in Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) due to the expanded experimental evidence on various atomic systems within optical lattices in weak and strong coupling regimes, its many-body quantum bases and equations are elementarily presented emphasizing on the order parameter, pseudo-potential and mean field approaches, while emphasizing the common places with the Density Functional Theory, like the integral normalization of density or the chemical potential, as the main vehicles of both theories of matter (Putz, 2011d, 2011e).
This chapter introduces basic notions about Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). One first studies ideal Bose gases, putting an emphasis on the role of the trapping geometry and of the dimensionality. One also introduces the correlation functions characterizing coherence. The second section deals with weakly-interacting BECs, which are described, in a mean-field approach, by the so-called Gross-Pitaevskii equation. This equation is derived and applied to a variety of experimentally relevant situations. The third section deals with beyond-mean-field effects that appear when the interactions are stronger, and introduces in particular the Bogolubov approximation. The last section is devoted to the study of BECs in double-well potentials, a situation inspired from condensed matter systems where beyond-mean-field effects can appear quite easily, and which remains simple enough to be studied theoretically in details.