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Determining the dimensionality of bipartite orbital-angular-momentum entanglement using multi-sector phase masks

Giovannini, D., Miatto, F. M., Jacquiline Romero, Barnett, S. M., Woerdman, J. P., Padgett, M. J.

Published Jul 24, 2012• 14 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The Shannon dimensionality of orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) entanglement produced in spontaneous parametric down-conversion can be probed by using multi-sector phase analysers [1]. We demonstrate a spatial light modulator-based implementation of these analysers, and use it to measure a Schmidt number of about 50.

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Determining the dimensionality of bipartite orbital-angular-momentum entanglement using multi-sector phase masks

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The Shannon dimensionality of orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) entanglement produced in spontaneous parametric down-conversion can be probed by using multi-sector phase analysers [ 1 ]. We demonstrate a spatial light modulator-based implementation of these analysers, and use it to measure a Schmidt number of about 50.

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Orbital angular momentum entanglement in high dimensions

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Orbital angular momentum (OAM) is one of the most recently discovered properties of light, and it is only in the past decade its quantum properties have been the subject of experimental investigations and have found applications. Unlike polarization, which is only bidimensional, orbital angular momentum provides, with relative ease, unprecedented access to a theoretically unbounded discrete state space. The process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion has long been used as a source of two-photon states that can be entangled in several degrees of freedom, including OAM. In this thesis, the properties of the natural OAM spectrum associated with the entangled states produced by parametric down-conversion were investigated. Chapters 2 and 3 describe the production and detection of tunable high-dimensional OAM entanglement in a down-conversion system. By tuning the phase-matching conditions and improving the detection stage, a substantial increase in the half-width of the OAM correlation spectrum was observed. The conjugate variable of OAM, angular position, was also considered when examining high-dimensional states entangled in OAM. In order to efficiently determine their dimension, high-dimensional entangled states were probed by implementing a technique based on phase masks composed of multiple angular sectors, as opposed to narrow single-sector analysers. Presented in chapter 4, this technique allows the measurements of tight angular correlations while maintaining high optical throughput. The states so produced were then used for a number of applications centred around the concept of mutually unbiased bases. One can define sets of mutually unbiased bases for arbitrary subspaces of the OAM state space. Two bases are mutually unbiased if the measurement of a state in one basis provides no information about the state as described in the other basis. Complete measurements in mutually unbiased bases of high-dimensional OAM spaces are presented in chapter 5. Measurements in sets of mutually unbiased bases are integral to quantum science and can be used in a variety of protocols that fully exploit the large size of the OAM state space; we describe their use in efficient quantum state tomography, quantum key distribution and entanglement detection. Caution is however necessary when dealing with state spaces embedded in higher-dimensional spaces, such as that provided by OAM. Experimental tests of Bell-type inequalities allow us to rule out local hidden variable theories in the description of quantum correlations. Correlations inconsistent with the states observed, or even with quantum mechanics, known as super-quantum correlations, have however been recorded previously in experiments that fail to comply with the fair-sampling conditions. Chapter 6 describes an experiment that uses a particular choice of transverse spatial modes for which super-quantum correlations persist even if the detection is made perfectly efficient. The sets of modes carrying OAM allow a complete description of the transverse field. The ability to control and combine additional degrees of freedom provides the possibility for richer varieties of entanglement and can make quantum protocols more powerful and versatile. One such property of light, associated with transverse modes possessing radial nodes in the field distribution, can be accessed within the same type of experimental apparatus used for OAM. In chapter 7, the radial degree of freedom is explored, together with OAM, in the context of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference.

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Any practical experiment utilizing the innate $D$-dimensional entanglement of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons is subject to the generation capacity of the entangled photon source and the modal capacity of the detection system. We report an experimental spontaneous parametric-down-conversion system able to generate and detect tunable high-dimensional OAM entanglement. By tuning the phase matching, we demonstrate a factor of 2 increase on the half-width of the OAM-correlation spectrum, from 10 to 20. In terms of quantum mutual information capacity, this is an increase from $3.18$ to $4.95$ bits/photon. Furthermore, we measure correlations in the conjugate variable, angular position, and obtain concurrence values $0.96$ and $0.90$. The good entanglement measures in both OAM and angular position bases indicate bipartite, $D$-dimensional entanglement where $D$ is tunable.

arXiv:1205.1968•Physical Review A•Jul 27, 2012•107 citations
We engineer high-dimensional orbital-angular-momentum entanglement of photon pairs that emerge from a parametric down-conversion source. By means of two angular state analysers, in essence composed of a rotatable multi-sector phase plate and a single-mode fibre, we perform selective projective measurements that maximize the Shannon dimensionality D of the measured entanglement. The multi-sector phase plates have a binary phase profile along the azimuthal coordinate, and the arc sector sizes are optimized so as to maximize D . We find that the maximum dimensionality increases linearly with the number of sectors N . The potential of our method is illustrated with an experiment for N = 4, yielding D = 16.5.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) is one of the most recently discovered properties of light, and it is only in the past decade its quantum properties have been the subject of experimental investigations and have found applications. Unlike polarization, which is only bidimensional, orbital angular momentum provides, with relative ease, unprecedented access to a theoretically unbounded discrete state space. The process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion has long been used as a source of two-photon states that can be entangled in several degrees of freedom, including OAM. In this thesis, the properties of the natural OAM spectrum associated with the entangled states produced by parametric down-conversion were investigated. Chapters 2 and 3 describe the production and detection of tunable high-dimensional OAM entanglement in a down-conversion system. By tuning the phase-matching conditions and improving the detection stage, a substantial increase in the half-width of the OAM correlation spectrum was observed. The conjugate variable of OAM, angular position, was also considered when examining high-dimensional states entangled in OAM. In order to efficiently determine their dimension, high-dimensional entangled states were probed by implementing a technique based on phase masks composed of multiple angular sectors, as opposed to narrow single-sector analysers. Presented in chapter 4, this technique allows the measurements of tight angular correlations while maintaining high optical throughput. The states so produced were then used for a number of applications centred around the concept of mutually unbiased bases. One can define sets of mutually unbiased bases for arbitrary subspaces of the OAM state space. Two bases are mutually unbiased if the measurement of a state in one basis provides no information about the state as described in the other basis. Complete measurements in mutually unbiased bases of high-dimensional OAM spaces are presented in chapter 5. Measurements in sets of mutually unbiased bases are integral to quantum science and can be used in a variety of protocols that fully exploit the large size of the OAM state space; we describe their use in efficient quantum state tomography, quantum key distribution and entanglement detection. Caution is however necessary when dealing with state spaces embedded in higher-dimensional spaces, such as that provided by OAM. Experimental tests of Bell-type inequalities allow us to rule out local hidden variable theories in the description of quantum correlations. Correlations inconsistent with the states observed, or even with quantum mechanics, known as super-quantum correlations, have however been recorded previously in experiments that fail to comply with the fair-sampling conditions. Chapter 6 describes an experiment that uses a particular choice of transverse spatial modes for which super-quantum correlations persist even if the detection is made perfectly efficient. The sets of modes carrying OAM allow a complete description of the transverse field. The ability to control and combine additional degrees of freedom provides the possibility for richer varieties of entanglement and can make quantum protocols more powerful and versatile. One such property of light, associated with transverse modes possessing radial nodes in the field distribution, can be accessed within the same type of experimental apparatus used for OAM. In chapter 7, the radial degree of freedom is explored, together with OAM, in the context of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference.
We study the high-dimensional orbital angular momentum OAM) entanglement contained in the spatial profiles of two quantum-correlated photons. For this purpose, we use a multi-mode two-photon interferometer with an image rotator in one of the interferometer arms. By measuring the two-photon visibility as a function of the image rotation angle we measure the azimuthal Schmidt number, i.e., we count the number of OAM modes involved in the entanglement; in our setup this number is tunable from 1 to 8.
Any practical experiment utilizing the innate DDD-dimensional entanglement of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons is subject to the generation capacity of the entangled photon source and the modal capacity of the detection system. We report an experimental spontaneous parametric-down-conversion system able to generate and detect tunable high-dimensional OAM entanglement. By tuning the phase matching, we demonstrate a factor of 2 increase on the half-width of the OAM-correlation spectrum, from 10 to 20. In terms of quantum mutual information capacity, this is an increase from 3.183.183.18 to 4.954.954.95 bits/photon. Furthermore, we measure correlations in the conjugate variable, angular position, and obtain concurrence values 0.960.960.96 and 0.900.900.90. The good entanglement measures in both OAM and angular position bases indicate bipartite, DDD-dimensional entanglement where DDD is tunable.