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Photoassociation spectroscopy of ultracold metastable He-3 dimers

DG Cocks, G. Peach, I. B. Whittingham

Published Jan 1, 2011• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

The bound states of the fermionic ^3He(2 ^3S_1)+ ^3He(2 ^3P_j)system, where j=0,1,2, are investigated using the recently available ab initio short-range ^{1,3,5}\Sigma^{+}_{g,u} and ^{1,3,5}\Pi_{g,u} potentials computed by Deguilhem et al. (J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 2009, 42, 015102). Single-channel and multichannel calculations have been undertaken in order to investigate the effects of Coriolis and non-adiabatic couplings. The possible experimental observability of the theoretical levels is assessed using criteria based upon the short-range character of each level and their coupling to metastable ground states. Purely long-range levels have been identified and 30 short-range levels near five asymptotes are suggested for experimental investigation.

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Photoassociation spectroscopy of ultracold metastable 3He dimers

Daniel Cocks, G. Peach, Ian B. Whittingham

The bound states of the fermionic (3)He(2 (3)S(1)) + (3)He(2 (3)P(j)) system, where j = 0, 1, 2, are investigated using the recently available ab initio short-range (1,3,5)Σ(+)(g,u) and (1,3,5)Π(g,u) potentials computed by Deguilhem et al. (J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys., 2009, 42, 015102). Single-channel and multichannel calculations have been undertaken in order to investigate the effects of Coriolis and non-adiabatic couplings. The possible experimental observability of the theoretical levels is assessed using criteria based upon the short-range character of each level and their coupling to metastable ground states. Purely long-range levels have been identified and 30 short-range levels near five asymptotes are suggested for experimental investigation.

arXiv:1104.3367•Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics•Jan 1, 2011•2 citations

Effects of non-adiabatic and Coriolis couplings on the bound states of He(2 3 S)+He(2 3 P)

Daniel Cocks, I B Whittingham, G. Peach

The effects of non-adiabatic and Coriolis couplings on the bound states of the He(2 ^3S_1)+He(2 ^3P_j) system, where j=0,1,2, are investigated using the recently available ab initio short-range $^{1,3,5}Σ^+_{g,u}$ and $^{1,3,5}Π_{g,u}$ potentials computed by Deguilhem et al. (J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 42 (2009) 015102). Three sets of calculations have been undertaken: single-channel, multichannel without Coriolis couplings and full multichannel with Coriolis couplings. We find that non-adiabatic effects are negligible for $0^-_u,0^{\pm}_g,1_u,2_g,2_u,3_g$ Hund case (c) sets of levels in the j=2 asymptote but can be up to 15% for some of the $0^+_u$ and $1_g$ sets of levels where near degeneracies are present in the single-channel diagonalized potentials. Coriolis couplings are most significant for weakly bound levels, ranging from 1-5% for total angular momenta J=1,2 and up to 10% for J=3. Levels near the j=1 and j=0 asymptotes agree closely with previous multichannel calculations based upon long-range potentials constructed from retarded resonance dipole and dispersion interactions. Assignment of theoretical levels to experimental observations using criteria based upon the short-range character of each level and their coupling to metastable ground states produces well matched assignments for the majority of observations. After a 1% increase in the slope of the $^5Σ^+_{g,u}$ and $^5Π_{g,u}$ input potentials near the classical turning point is applied, improved matching of previous assignments is obtained and further assignments can be made, reproducing very closely the number of experimental observations.

arXiv:0911.0237•Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Jun 22, 2010•8 citations

Photoassociation of ultracold metastable helium

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A theoretical analysis of photoassociation in ultracold metastable helium has been undertaken for the 2(^3)S1 + 2(^3)S1 to 2(^3)S1 + 2(^3)P transition. A full multichannel calculation is presented for two aspects of the system, a) the accurate calculation of energies for the bound vibrational levels of the dimer; and b) the non-perturbative calculation of the photoassociation line shapes allowing for abitrary laser intensity and detuning. A strong emphasis is placed on the accuracy of the calculations, and the elimination of approximations that have been used in previous investigations. The results indicate that full multichannel calculations are required rather than approximate single-channel calculations in some important situations, and are especially useful for making assignments between experiment and theory. Bound levels have been previously measured from the photoassociation of cold metastable thermal gases to energies close to the three asymptotes j = 0, 1, 2 of the 2(^3)S1 → 2(^3)Pj atomic transition. Previous analysis of these measurements was made using either approximate accumulated phase techniques based on long-range single-channel potentials, or using multichannel calculations and long-range potentials. Because accurate short-range electronic potentials have been calculated only recently, this thesis presents the first multichannel calculation for the levels near the j = 1, 2 asymptotes. The new short-range potentials had previously been used in an approximate single-channel calculation, but this type of calculation ignores the effects of non-adiabatic and Coriolis couplings. Presented here are the binding energies calculated from a fully multichannel technique which includes these couplings, and some differences of up to 10% from the single-channel calculations are observed. The detailed knowledge of the bound wave functions is then exploited to determine a set of observability criteria that produce a near unique assignment of theoretical levels to experimental observations. From these unique assignments, a 1% correction to the short-range electronic potentials has been implemented that significantly improves the agreement between theory and experiment. Experimental measurements have previously been made of line shifts in the photoassociation spectra of vibrational levels in the 0+u long-range potential that asymptotes to 2(^3)S1 + 2(^3)P0 and their variation with laser intensity. These results were previously analysed by performing an approximate second-order perturbative calculation of the line shift that is valid only for low laser intensities. In this thesis a completely non-perturbative calculation of the spectra and line shapes for abitrary laser intensity is presented for photoassociation to the levels probed in experiment. The techniques of dressed state formalism and a modified radiative coupling are employed to properly treat the laser coupling for large interatomic separations. These calculations produce resonance profiles superimposed on a very significant background, a feature that is not seen in photoassociation calculations of other atomic species. From the calculated line shapes, the line shifts and line widths were determined for varying intensity and a small nonlinear intensity-dependence of up to 2.5% was found for the line shift. The effects of invoking the dipole approximation for the laser coupling for the long-range molecular system are analysed by solving the equations using the complete laser coupling that does not assume the dipole approximation. Important differences are obtained between the profiles with and without the dipole approximation, and the photoassociation resonances are found to be more discernible at larger intensities when the complete laser coupling is used.

•Aug 24, 2023•0 citations

Photoassociation of metastable helium

A S Dickinson, Florent Xavier Gadéa, Thierry Leininger

A theoretical study is performed for the photoassociation of metastable helium. Combining short-range, high-level, ab initio calculations for 5 Σ g / u + and 5 Π g / u symmetries and long-range behaviour, better described in Hund's case (c), potential-energy curves for attractive, 5 Σ u + and 5 Π g , as well as repulsive, 5 Π u and 5 Σ g + , states of quintet metastable helium molecules dissociating to 2 3 S + 2 3 P are obtained. Taking into account the atomic spin-orbit couplings, vibrational levels are derived for near-dissociation levels at the 3 P 2 asymptote. Comparison with results from three recent photoassociation experiments obtained under different conditions (μK temperatures with spin alignment and mK temperatures without) allowed for an assignation of about three quarters of the observed levels. The robustness of the vibrational numbering is confirmed by testing a modification of the short-range potentials.

Europhysics Letters (EPL)•Mar 24, 2005•9 citations

Long-range states in excited ultracold 3 He*– 4 He* dimers

Daniel Cocks, G. Peach, I B Whittingham

Abstract Long-range bound states of the excited heteronuclear – He* system that dissociate to either (1s2s S 1 ) + (1s2p P j ) or (1s2p P j ) + (1s2s S 1 ), where , are investigated using both single-channel and multichannel calculations in order to analyse the effects of Coriolis and non-adiabatic couplings. The multichannel calculations predict two groups of resonances above the lowest asymptotic energy. One of these groups dissociates to an atomic pair with the 2p excitation on the fermionic atom and the other dissociates to two asymptotes which correspond to the 2p excitation on either atom. Many of these resonances could be identified with levels in the single-channel calculation although the differences in energies were large. The total parity was found to have a significant influence on the ability to make these identifications. No purely bound states were found, although several resonances with line widths smaller than 1 MHz were obtained.

arXiv:1409.2301•Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Apr 28, 2015•1 citation

Bound states of He(23S)+He(23P)

Daniel Cocks, Ian B. Whittingham, G. Peach

We report the results of coupled channel calculations of the bound states of the He(2 3S1)+He(2 3P0,1,2) system using the recently available ab initio multi-configuration self-consistent field short range 1,3,5§+ g,u and 1,3,5¦g,u potentials computed by Deguilhem et al. (J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 42 (2009) 015102) and present an analysis of the applicability of the single channel calculations of these authors.

Journal of Physics Conference Series•Nov 1, 2009•0 citations
The bound states of the fermionic ^3He(2 ^3S_1)+ ^3He(2 ^3P_j)system, where j=0,1,2, are investigated using the recently available ab initio short-range ^{1,3,5}\Sigma^{+}{g,u} and ^{1,3,5}\Pi{g,u} potentials computed by Deguilhem et al. (J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 2009, 42, 015102). Single-channel and multichannel calculations have been undertaken in order to investigate the effects of Coriolis and non-adiabatic couplings. The possible experimental observability of the theoretical levels is assessed using criteria based upon the short-range character of each level and their coupling to metastable ground states. Purely long-range levels have been identified and 30 short-range levels near five asymptotes are suggested for experimental investigation.
The bound states of the fermionic (3)He(2 (3)S(1)) + (3)He(2 (3)P(j)) system, where j = 0, 1, 2, are investigated using the recently available ab initio short-range (1,3,5)Σ(+)(g,u) and (1,3,5)Π(g,u) potentials computed by Deguilhem et al. (J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys., 2009, 42, 015102). Single-channel and multichannel calculations have been undertaken in order to investigate the effects of Coriolis and non-adiabatic couplings. The possible experimental observability of the theoretical levels is assessed using criteria based upon the short-range character of each level and their coupling to metastable ground states. Purely long-range levels have been identified and 30 short-range levels near five asymptotes are suggested for experimental investigation.
The effects of non-adiabatic and Coriolis couplings on the bound states of the He(2 ^3S_1)+He(2 ^3P_j) system, where j=0,1,2, are investigated using the recently available ab initio short-range 1,3,5Σg,u+^{1,3,5}Σ^+_{g,u}1,3,5Σg,u+​ and 1,3,5Πg,u^{1,3,5}Π_{g,u}1,3,5Πg,u​ potentials computed by Deguilhem et al. (J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 42 (2009) 015102). Three sets of calculations have been undertaken: single-channel, multichannel without Coriolis couplings and full multichannel with Coriolis couplings. We find that non-adiabatic effects are negligible for 0u−,0g±,1u,2g,2u,3g0^-_u,0^{\pm}_g,1_u,2_g,2_u,3_g0u−​,0g±​,1u​,2g​,2u​,3g​ Hund case (c) sets of levels in the j=2 asymptote but can be up to 15% for some of the 0u+0^+_u0u+​ and 1g1_g1g​ sets of levels where near degeneracies are present in the single-channel diagonalized potentials. Coriolis couplings are most significant for weakly bound levels, ranging from 1-5% for total angular momenta J=1,2 and up to 10% for J=3. Levels near the j=1 and j=0 asymptotes agree closely with previous multichannel calculations based upon long-range potentials constructed from retarded resonance dipole and dispersion interactions. Assignment of theoretical levels to experimental observations using criteria based upon the short-range character of each level and their coupling to metastable ground states produces well matched assignments for the majority of observations. After a 1% increase in the slope of the 5Σg,u+^5Σ^+_{g,u}5Σg,u+​ and 5Πg,u^5Π_{g,u}5Πg,u​ input potentials near the classical turning point is applied, improved matching of previous assignments is obtained and further assignments can be made, reproducing very closely the number of experimental observations.
A theoretical analysis of photoassociation in ultracold metastable helium has been undertaken for the 2(^3)S1 + 2(^3)S1 to 2(^3)S1 + 2(^3)P transition. A full multichannel calculation is presented for two aspects of the system, a) the accurate calculation of energies for the bound vibrational levels of the dimer; and b) the non-perturbative calculation of the photoassociation line shapes allowing for abitrary laser intensity and detuning. A strong emphasis is placed on the accuracy of the calculations, and the elimination of approximations that have been used in previous investigations. The results indicate that full multichannel calculations are required rather than approximate single-channel calculations in some important situations, and are especially useful for making assignments between experiment and theory. Bound levels have been previously measured from the photoassociation of cold metastable thermal gases to energies close to the three asymptotes j = 0, 1, 2 of the 2(^3)S1 → 2(^3)Pj atomic transition. Previous analysis of these measurements was made using either approximate accumulated phase techniques based on long-range single-channel potentials, or using multichannel calculations and long-range potentials. Because accurate short-range electronic potentials have been calculated only recently, this thesis presents the first multichannel calculation for the levels near the j = 1, 2 asymptotes. The new short-range potentials had previously been used in an approximate single-channel calculation, but this type of calculation ignores the effects of non-adiabatic and Coriolis couplings. Presented here are the binding energies calculated from a fully multichannel technique which includes these couplings, and some differences of up to 10% from the single-channel calculations are observed. The detailed knowledge of the bound wave functions is then exploited to determine a set of observability criteria that produce a near unique assignment of theoretical levels to experimental observations. From these unique assignments, a 1% correction to the short-range electronic potentials has been implemented that significantly improves the agreement between theory and experiment. Experimental measurements have previously been made of line shifts in the photoassociation spectra of vibrational levels in the 0+u long-range potential that asymptotes to 2(^3)S1 + 2(^3)P0 and their variation with laser intensity. These results were previously analysed by performing an approximate second-order perturbative calculation of the line shift that is valid only for low laser intensities. In this thesis a completely non-perturbative calculation of the spectra and line shapes for abitrary laser intensity is presented for photoassociation to the levels probed in experiment. The techniques of dressed state formalism and a modified radiative coupling are employed to properly treat the laser coupling for large interatomic separations. These calculations produce resonance profiles superimposed on a very significant background, a feature that is not seen in photoassociation calculations of other atomic species. From the calculated line shapes, the line shifts and line widths were determined for varying intensity and a small nonlinear intensity-dependence of up to 2.5% was found for the line shift. The effects of invoking the dipole approximation for the laser coupling for the long-range molecular system are analysed by solving the equations using the complete laser coupling that does not assume the dipole approximation. Important differences are obtained between the profiles with and without the dipole approximation, and the photoassociation resonances are found to be more discernible at larger intensities when the complete laser coupling is used.
A theoretical study is performed for the photoassociation of metastable helium. Combining short-range, high-level, ab initio calculations for 5 Σ g / u + and 5 Π g / u symmetries and long-range behaviour, better described in Hund's case (c), potential-energy curves for attractive, 5 Σ u + and 5 Π g , as well as repulsive, 5 Π u and 5 Σ g + , states of quintet metastable helium molecules dissociating to 2 3 S + 2 3 P are obtained. Taking into account the atomic spin-orbit couplings, vibrational levels are derived for near-dissociation levels at the 3 P 2 asymptote. Comparison with results from three recent photoassociation experiments obtained under different conditions (μK temperatures with spin alignment and mK temperatures without) allowed for an assignation of about three quarters of the observed levels. The robustness of the vibrational numbering is confirmed by testing a modification of the short-range potentials.
Abstract Long-range bound states of the excited heteronuclear – He* system that dissociate to either (1s2s S 1 ) + (1s2p P j ) or (1s2p P j ) + (1s2s S 1 ), where , are investigated using both single-channel and multichannel calculations in order to analyse the effects of Coriolis and non-adiabatic couplings. The multichannel calculations predict two groups of resonances above the lowest asymptotic energy. One of these groups dissociates to an atomic pair with the 2p excitation on the fermionic atom and the other dissociates to two asymptotes which correspond to the 2p excitation on either atom. Many of these resonances could be identified with levels in the single-channel calculation although the differences in energies were large. The total parity was found to have a significant influence on the ability to make these identifications. No purely bound states were found, although several resonances with line widths smaller than 1 MHz were obtained.