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Journal of Science Natural Science

EPLETION DENSITY OF IDEAL GAS BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE BY TWO PARALLEL PLATES

Phạm Thế Song, Theu Luong Thi, Thu Nguyen Van

Published Jun 1, 2020• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

By means of the second quantization formalism, the condensate density of an infinite Bose gas and finite Bose gas is studied in the broken phase. Our results show that the compactification in one-direction makes the remarkable changes in the condensate density.
DOI
10.18173/2354-1059.2020-0032

Related papers

Chemical potential quantization and Bose-Einstein condensation

Zheng Jiu-ren

In this paper, first of all, we proved if the ideal Bose gas with a finite volume and number of particles has a non-degenerate single-particle energy level n, the chemical potential μ can take the value μn = n and there is a phase transition temperature Tp,n, where n = 0,1,2 Taking 0 ≤ n Tp,n+1. When the temperature T > Tp,n or T ≤ Tp,n+1, μ # n and the most probable occupation number Nn = 0. In the temperature interval Tp,n ≥ T > Tp,n+1, μ = n and 0 ≤ Nn = N - NjsupNn, where Nj is the most probable occupation number in the degenerate level j. Thus, if the finite ideal Bose gas has some non-degenerate single-particle levels, there exists a characteristic temperature Tp = Tp,0. The chemical potential μ is quantized when T ≤ Tp, and this leads to the creation of a macroscopic quantum state (pure state) or Bose-Einstein condensation phase. Tp = Tp,0 is a first-order phase transition point, Tp,n#0 is a zero-order phase transition point. Next, we obtained a new expression of the most probable distribution of the finite ideal Bose gas. In this expression Nj is directly proportional to gj - 1, where gj and Nj are, respectively, the degeneracy and the most probable occupation number in the degenerate level j. This property agrees with what chemical potential can be quantized if there is a non-degenerate level for the finite ideal Bose gas. Finally, using this expression, we defined a micro-partition function M, obtained the statistical expressions of some thermodynamical quantities.

Acta Physica Sinica (Overseas Edition)•Oct 1, 1999•1 citation

Condensation of the Rotating Two-Dimensional Ideal Bose Gas

John J. Rehr, N. David Mermin

The two-dimensional ideal Bose gas in a circular container rotating at fixed rim velocity has some unexpected and instructive properties. In the thermodynamic limit, the system undergoes a phase transition, as argued by Widom. We find that the transition is a type of Bose-Einstein condensation, in which, however, infinitely many one-particle states are macroscopically occupied. The system evades general theorems forbidding Bose-Einstein condensation in two dimensions, not merely because it is inhomogeneous, as Widom suggests, but because the equilibrium density is unbounded near the circumference in the thermodynamic limit. We point out that, independently of the particular model, Bose-Einstein condensation into any single-particle state (or states), spatially uniform or nonuniform, is forbidden in one and two dimensions provided only that (a) the Hamiltonian is real, and (b) the equilibrium density is everywhere bounded in the thermodynamic limit.

Physical review. B, Solid state•Apr 1, 1970•32 citations

Influence of the Heisenberg Principle on the Ideal Bose Gas

Hua Zheng, G. Giuliani, Aldo Bonasera A

The ideal Bose gas has two major shortcomings: at zero temperature, all the particles 'condense' at zero energy or momentum, thus violating the Heisenberg principle; the second is that the pressure below the critical point is independent of density resulting in zero incompressibility (or infinite isothermal compressibility) which is unphysical. We propose a modification of the ideal Bose gas to take into account the Heisenberg principle. This modification results in a finite (in)compressibility at all temperatures and densities. The main properties of the ideal Bose gas are preserved, i.e. the relation between the critical temperature and density, but the specific heat has a maximum at the critical temperature instead of a discontinuity. Of course interactions are crucial for both cases in order to describe actual physical systems.

arXiv:1303.6611•Mar 26, 2013•0 citations

Condensation Happens Without Any Attraction: What Decides Is the Wavelength Overtaking the Spacing ── the condensation temperature of an ideal Bose gas contains only constants, the mass and the number density, with no interparticle potential at all ── the separator is whether switching off the interaction makes it disappear ── [Paper 663]

Yuuki Yamagishi

It is natural to think that a phase changes because particles attract one another. But the condensation of bosons happens without any attraction at all. The condensation temperature of an ideal Bose gas is computed in three cases, and what fixes that temperature is examined. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──condensation of the ideal Bose gas (Einstein 1925), the thermal de Broglie wavelength, and the value of the Riemann zeta function at 3/2 are all standard. Interacting condensates are not treated──scattering lengths, mean-field equations and the shift of the condensation temperature by interactions are not included. Only the ideal gas is examined. Experiments are not discussed──how the gas is cooled (evaporative cooling, magneto-optical traps) and how the condensate is observed are not the subject. Superconductivity is not explained──condensation that requires pairing is not entered into. The separator "does it disappear when the interaction is switched off" is placed, and no more. Finite systems are not treated──the counting is in the thermodynamic limit, and the rounding that comes with small particle numbers is not included. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 482 showed that the words "critical dimension" name two different numbers above and below, and stated that it did not treat condensation itself, the existence proof of a phase transition, behaviour in finite systems, or the interacting case──this paper takes that seat and counts, for the same ideal Bose gas, the condition for condensation. What is added is showing from the contents of the formula that no interaction enters the condensation temperature, confirming to 10 digits that three different cases return the same phase-space density, deriving the ratio of wavelength to mean spacing, and placing the separator on switching off the interaction. First, no interparticle potential appears in the formula for the condensation temperature──only the Planck constant, the Boltzmann constant, the mass of the particle and the number density enter it; no quantity measuring the strength of an interaction appears (Section 2). Second, the temperature is nevertheless definite──Rb87 at 10^20 per cubic metre gives 398.3307 nK, and at the density of liquid helium (2.181607x10^28 particles) 3.134378 K, the latter being 1.439902 times the measured lambda point of 2.1768 K (Section 2). Third, and this is the core. The condition is a single dimensionless number──at the condensation temperature, the number density times the cube of the thermal de Broglie wavelength is exactly 2.6123753487, agreeing to 10 digits across three cases of different mass and density (Section 3). Fourth, the boundary is where the wavelength overtakes the spacing──for Rb87 the mean spacing is 2.154435x10^-7 m while the thermal de Broglie wavelength at the condensation temperature is 2.967189x10^-7 m, or 1.377247 times as long (Section 3). Fifth, raising the density does not raise the temperature in step──ten times the density gives only 4.641589 times the temperature, which is ten to the two thirds (Section 2). Sixth, the separator is whether switching off the interaction makes it disappear──the computation here contains no interaction and still condenses, so switching one off changes nothing. A condensation that requires pairs to form does disappear (Section 4). Condensation does not happen because particles attract one another. The formula for the condensation temperature of an ideal Bose gas contains only constants, the mass and the number density, and it still returned definite temperatures: 398.3307 nK for Rb87 and 3.134378 K at the density of liquid helium. At those temperatures, three cases of widely different mass and density returned the same phase-space density, 2.6123753487──the condition is not the strength of an attraction but the thermal de Broglie wavelength overtaking the spacing between particles, by a factor of 1.377247 in the example here. The separator is whether switching off the interaction makes it disappear. Placed among the earlier papers──in the seat Paper 482 left open by not treating condensation itself, the condition for it was counted. To be honest──the factor of 1.439902 against the lambda point is the work of interactions, and its size is not explained here. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: Bose-Einstein condensation, ideal Bose gas, phase-space density, thermal de Broglie wavelength, critical temperature, Bose statistics. ----- 相が変わるのは、粒子どうしが引き合うからだと考えるのは自然である。だがボース粒子の凝縮は、引力を一つも入れなくても起きる。理想ボース気体の凝縮温度を三つの場合で数え、何がその温度を決めているのかを見る。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──理想ボース気体の凝縮(アインシュタイン 1925)、熱的ド・ブロイ波長、リーマンのゼータ関数の 3/2 での値は、いずれも既知である。相互作用のある凝縮体を扱わない──散乱長、平均場の方程式、相互作用による凝縮温度のずれは入れない。理想気体だけを見る。実験を論じない──どう冷やすか(蒸発冷却、磁気光学トラップ)、どう観測するかは主題ではない。超伝導を説明しない──対をつくる凝縮に本稿は立ち入らない。分離子として「相互作用を切ったら消えるか」を置くにとどめる。有限の系を扱わない──熱力学極限で数えており、粒子数が少ないときの丸みは入れない。既刊との関係:論文482 は「臨界次元」という一語が上と下で別の数を指すことを示し、射程注記で「凝縮そのものを論じない──相転移の存在証明、有限系での振舞い、相互作用のある場合は主題ではない」と明記した──本稿はその席に座り、同じ理想ボース気体で、凝縮の条件そのものを数える。加えたのは、凝縮温度の式に相互作用が入っていないことを式の中身で示したこと、三つの場合で位相空間密度が同じ定数になることを 10 桁で確かめたこと、波長と粒子間距離の比を出したこと、分離子を「相互作用を切ったら消えるか」に置いたことである。 第一に、凝縮温度の式には、粒子間のポテンシャルが一つも入っていない──入っているのはプランク定数、ボルツマン定数、粒子の質量、数密度の四つだけで、相互作用の強さを表す量は現れない(第2節)。 第二に、それでも温度は具体的に決まる──Rb87 を 1 立方メートルあたり 10^20 個にすると 398.3307 nK、液体ヘリウムの密度(2.181607x10^28 個)なら 3.134378 K で、後者は実測のラムダ点 2.1768 K の 1.439902 倍だった(第2節)。 第三に、これが本稿の芯である。条件は一つの無次元の数である──凝縮温度では、数密度に熱的ド・ブロイ波長の三乗を掛けた量がちょうど 2.6123753487 になり、質量も密度も違う三つの場合で 10 桁一致した(第3節)。 第四に、波長が粒子の間隔を越えるところが境目である──Rb87 の例では、粒子間の平均距離 2.154435x10^-7 m に対して、凝縮温度での熱的ド・ブロイ波長は 2.967189x10^-7 m で、1.377247 倍だった(第3節)。 第五に、密度を上げても温度は同じようには上がらない──密度を 10 倍にしても凝縮温度は 4.641589 倍にしかならず、これは 10 の 2/3 乗である(第2節)。 第六に、分離子は、相互作用を切ったら消えるかである──本稿の計算は相互作用を一つも含まずに凝縮を出しており、切っても消えない。対をつくる必要がある凝縮は、切れば消える(第4節)。 凝縮は、粒子どうしが引き合うから起きるのではない。理想ボース気体の凝縮温度の式に入っているのは定数と質量と数密度だけで、それでも Rb87 で 398.3307 nK、液体ヘリウムの密度で 3.134378 K という具体的な温度が出た。その温度では、質量も密度も大きく違う三つの場合が、同じ位相空間密度 2.6123753487 を返した──条件は引力の強さではなく、熱的ド・ブロイ波長が粒子間の距離を越えること(本稿の例では 1.377247 倍)である。分離子は、相互作用を切ったら消えるかである。既刊との位置──論文482 が「凝縮そのものは論じない」と空けた席で、その条件を数えた。正直に言えば──ラムダ点との 1.439902 倍の差は相互作用の効きであり、本稿はその大きさを説明していない。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:ボース・アインシュタイン凝縮、理想ボース気体、位相空間密度、熱的ド・ブロイ波長、臨界温度、ボース統計。

•Sep 28, 2026•0 citations

Bose-Einstein condensation and symmetry breaking

András Sütö

Adding a gauge symmetry breaking field $\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\nu}\sqrt{V}({a}_{0}+{a}_{0}^{*})$ to the Hamiltonian of some simplified models of an interacting Bose gas we compute the condensate density and the symmetry breaking order parameter in the limit of infinite volume and prove Bogoliubov's asymptotic hypothesis ${\mathrm{lim}}_{V\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}}⟨{a}_{0}⟩∕\sqrt{V}=\mathrm{sgn}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\nu}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{lim}}_{V\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}}\sqrt{⟨{a}_{0}^{*}{a}_{0}⟩∕V}$ where the averages are taken in the ground state or in thermal equilibrium states. Letting $\ensuremath{\nu}$ tend to zero in this equation we obtain that Bose-Einstein condensation occurs if and only if the gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken. The simplification consists in dropping the off-diagonal terms in the momentum representation of the pair interaction. The models include the mean field and the imperfect (Huang-Yang-Luttinger) Bose gas. An implication of the result is that the compressibility sum rule cannot hold true in the ground state of the one-dimensional mean-field Bose gas. Our method is based on a resolution of the Hamiltonian into a family of single-mode $(\mathbf{k}=0)$ Hamiltonians and on the analysis of the associated microcanonical ensembles.

arXiv:cond-mat/0412440•Physical Review A•Feb 7, 2005•16 citations

A DEFORMED BOSE-EINSTEIN GAS NEAR q=1

A.B. Pinheiro, I. Roditi

We show that the Bose–Einstein condensation occurs, on the region near q=1, for modified ideal deformed gas.

Modern Physics Letters B•Jun 30, 1996•1 citation
In this paper, first of all, we proved if the ideal Bose gas with a finite volume and number of particles has a non-degenerate single-particle energy level n, the chemical potential μ can take the value μn = n and there is a phase transition temperature Tp,n, where n = 0,1,2 Taking 0 ≤ n Tp,n+1. When the temperature T > Tp,n or T ≤ Tp,n+1, μ # n and the most probable occupation number Nn = 0. In the temperature interval Tp,n ≥ T > Tp,n+1, μ = n and 0 ≤ Nn = N - NjsupNn, where Nj is the most probable occupation number in the degenerate level j. Thus, if the finite ideal Bose gas has some non-degenerate single-particle levels, there exists a characteristic temperature Tp = Tp,0. The chemical potential μ is quantized when T ≤ Tp, and this leads to the creation of a macroscopic quantum state (pure state) or Bose-Einstein condensation phase. Tp = Tp,0 is a first-order phase transition point, Tp,n#0 is a zero-order phase transition point. Next, we obtained a new expression of the most probable distribution of the finite ideal Bose gas. In this expression Nj is directly proportional to gj - 1, where gj and Nj are, respectively, the degeneracy and the most probable occupation number in the degenerate level j. This property agrees with what chemical potential can be quantized if there is a non-degenerate level for the finite ideal Bose gas. Finally, using this expression, we defined a micro-partition function M, obtained the statistical expressions of some thermodynamical quantities.
The two-dimensional ideal Bose gas in a circular container rotating at fixed rim velocity has some unexpected and instructive properties. In the thermodynamic limit, the system undergoes a phase transition, as argued by Widom. We find that the transition is a type of Bose-Einstein condensation, in which, however, infinitely many one-particle states are macroscopically occupied. The system evades general theorems forbidding Bose-Einstein condensation in two dimensions, not merely because it is inhomogeneous, as Widom suggests, but because the equilibrium density is unbounded near the circumference in the thermodynamic limit. We point out that, independently of the particular model, Bose-Einstein condensation into any single-particle state (or states), spatially uniform or nonuniform, is forbidden in one and two dimensions provided only that (a) the Hamiltonian is real, and (b) the equilibrium density is everywhere bounded in the thermodynamic limit.
The ideal Bose gas has two major shortcomings: at zero temperature, all the particles 'condense' at zero energy or momentum, thus violating the Heisenberg principle; the second is that the pressure below the critical point is independent of density resulting in zero incompressibility (or infinite isothermal compressibility) which is unphysical. We propose a modification of the ideal Bose gas to take into account the Heisenberg principle. This modification results in a finite (in)compressibility at all temperatures and densities. The main properties of the ideal Bose gas are preserved, i.e. the relation between the critical temperature and density, but the specific heat has a maximum at the critical temperature instead of a discontinuity. Of course interactions are crucial for both cases in order to describe actual physical systems.
It is natural to think that a phase changes because particles attract one another. But the condensation of bosons happens without any attraction at all. The condensation temperature of an ideal Bose gas is computed in three cases, and what fixes that temperature is examined. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──condensation of the ideal Bose gas (Einstein 1925), the thermal de Broglie wavelength, and the value of the Riemann zeta function at 3/2 are all standard. Interacting condensates are not treated──scattering lengths, mean-field equations and the shift of the condensation temperature by interactions are not included. Only the ideal gas is examined. Experiments are not discussed──how the gas is cooled (evaporative cooling, magneto-optical traps) and how the condensate is observed are not the subject. Superconductivity is not explained──condensation that requires pairing is not entered into. The separator "does it disappear when the interaction is switched off" is placed, and no more. Finite systems are not treated──the counting is in the thermodynamic limit, and the rounding that comes with small particle numbers is not included. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 482 showed that the words "critical dimension" name two different numbers above and below, and stated that it did not treat condensation itself, the existence proof of a phase transition, behaviour in finite systems, or the interacting case──this paper takes that seat and counts, for the same ideal Bose gas, the condition for condensation. What is added is showing from the contents of the formula that no interaction enters the condensation temperature, confirming to 10 digits that three different cases return the same phase-space density, deriving the ratio of wavelength to mean spacing, and placing the separator on switching off the interaction. First, no interparticle potential appears in the formula for the condensation temperature──only the Planck constant, the Boltzmann constant, the mass of the particle and the number density enter it; no quantity measuring the strength of an interaction appears (Section 2). Second, the temperature is nevertheless definite──Rb87 at 10^20 per cubic metre gives 398.3307 nK, and at the density of liquid helium (2.181607x10^28 particles) 3.134378 K, the latter being 1.439902 times the measured lambda point of 2.1768 K (Section 2). Third, and this is the core. The condition is a single dimensionless number──at the condensation temperature, the number density times the cube of the thermal de Broglie wavelength is exactly 2.6123753487, agreeing to 10 digits across three cases of different mass and density (Section 3). Fourth, the boundary is where the wavelength overtakes the spacing──for Rb87 the mean spacing is 2.154435x10^-7 m while the thermal de Broglie wavelength at the condensation temperature is 2.967189x10^-7 m, or 1.377247 times as long (Section 3). Fifth, raising the density does not raise the temperature in step──ten times the density gives only 4.641589 times the temperature, which is ten to the two thirds (Section 2). Sixth, the separator is whether switching off the interaction makes it disappear──the computation here contains no interaction and still condenses, so switching one off changes nothing. A condensation that requires pairs to form does disappear (Section 4). Condensation does not happen because particles attract one another. The formula for the condensation temperature of an ideal Bose gas contains only constants, the mass and the number density, and it still returned definite temperatures: 398.3307 nK for Rb87 and 3.134378 K at the density of liquid helium. At those temperatures, three cases of widely different mass and density returned the same phase-space density, 2.6123753487──the condition is not the strength of an attraction but the thermal de Broglie wavelength overtaking the spacing between particles, by a factor of 1.377247 in the example here. The separator is whether switching off the interaction makes it disappear. Placed among the earlier papers──in the seat Paper 482 left open by not treating condensation itself, the condition for it was counted. To be honest──the factor of 1.439902 against the lambda point is the work of interactions, and its size is not explained here. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: Bose-Einstein condensation, ideal Bose gas, phase-space density, thermal de Broglie wavelength, critical temperature, Bose statistics. ----- 相が変わるのは、粒子どうしが引き合うからだと考えるのは自然である。だがボース粒子の凝縮は、引力を一つも入れなくても起きる。理想ボース気体の凝縮温度を三つの場合で数え、何がその温度を決めているのかを見る。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──理想ボース気体の凝縮(アインシュタイン 1925)、熱的ド・ブロイ波長、リーマンのゼータ関数の 3/2 での値は、いずれも既知である。相互作用のある凝縮体を扱わない──散乱長、平均場の方程式、相互作用による凝縮温度のずれは入れない。理想気体だけを見る。実験を論じない──どう冷やすか(蒸発冷却、磁気光学トラップ)、どう観測するかは主題ではない。超伝導を説明しない──対をつくる凝縮に本稿は立ち入らない。分離子として「相互作用を切ったら消えるか」を置くにとどめる。有限の系を扱わない──熱力学極限で数えており、粒子数が少ないときの丸みは入れない。既刊との関係:論文482 は「臨界次元」という一語が上と下で別の数を指すことを示し、射程注記で「凝縮そのものを論じない──相転移の存在証明、有限系での振舞い、相互作用のある場合は主題ではない」と明記した──本稿はその席に座り、同じ理想ボース気体で、凝縮の条件そのものを数える。加えたのは、凝縮温度の式に相互作用が入っていないことを式の中身で示したこと、三つの場合で位相空間密度が同じ定数になることを 10 桁で確かめたこと、波長と粒子間距離の比を出したこと、分離子を「相互作用を切ったら消えるか」に置いたことである。 第一に、凝縮温度の式には、粒子間のポテンシャルが一つも入っていない──入っているのはプランク定数、ボルツマン定数、粒子の質量、数密度の四つだけで、相互作用の強さを表す量は現れない(第2節)。 第二に、それでも温度は具体的に決まる──Rb87 を 1 立方メートルあたり 10^20 個にすると 398.3307 nK、液体ヘリウムの密度(2.181607x10^28 個)なら 3.134378 K で、後者は実測のラムダ点 2.1768 K の 1.439902 倍だった(第2節)。 第三に、これが本稿の芯である。条件は一つの無次元の数である──凝縮温度では、数密度に熱的ド・ブロイ波長の三乗を掛けた量がちょうど 2.6123753487 になり、質量も密度も違う三つの場合で 10 桁一致した(第3節)。 第四に、波長が粒子の間隔を越えるところが境目である──Rb87 の例では、粒子間の平均距離 2.154435x10^-7 m に対して、凝縮温度での熱的ド・ブロイ波長は 2.967189x10^-7 m で、1.377247 倍だった(第3節)。 第五に、密度を上げても温度は同じようには上がらない──密度を 10 倍にしても凝縮温度は 4.641589 倍にしかならず、これは 10 の 2/3 乗である(第2節)。 第六に、分離子は、相互作用を切ったら消えるかである──本稿の計算は相互作用を一つも含まずに凝縮を出しており、切っても消えない。対をつくる必要がある凝縮は、切れば消える(第4節)。 凝縮は、粒子どうしが引き合うから起きるのではない。理想ボース気体の凝縮温度の式に入っているのは定数と質量と数密度だけで、それでも Rb87 で 398.3307 nK、液体ヘリウムの密度で 3.134378 K という具体的な温度が出た。その温度では、質量も密度も大きく違う三つの場合が、同じ位相空間密度 2.6123753487 を返した──条件は引力の強さではなく、熱的ド・ブロイ波長が粒子間の距離を越えること(本稿の例では 1.377247 倍)である。分離子は、相互作用を切ったら消えるかである。既刊との位置──論文482 が「凝縮そのものは論じない」と空けた席で、その条件を数えた。正直に言えば──ラムダ点との 1.439902 倍の差は相互作用の効きであり、本稿はその大きさを説明していない。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:ボース・アインシュタイン凝縮、理想ボース気体、位相空間密度、熱的ド・ブロイ波長、臨界温度、ボース統計。
Adding a gauge symmetry breaking field $\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\nu}\sqrt{V}({a}_{0}+{a}_{0}^{*})$ to the Hamiltonian of some simplified models of an interacting Bose gas we compute the condensate density and the symmetry breaking order parameter in the limit of infinite volume and prove Bogoliubov's asymptotic hypothesis ${\mathrm{lim}}_{V\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}}⟨{a}_{0}⟩∕\sqrt{V}=\mathrm{sgn}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\nu}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{lim}}_{V\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}}\sqrt{⟨{a}_{0}^{*}{a}_{0}⟩∕V}$ where the averages are taken in the ground state or in thermal equilibrium states. Letting $\ensuremath{\nu}$ tend to zero in this equation we obtain that Bose-Einstein condensation occurs if and only if the gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken. The simplification consists in dropping the off-diagonal terms in the momentum representation of the pair interaction. The models include the mean field and the imperfect (Huang-Yang-Luttinger) Bose gas. An implication of the result is that the compressibility sum rule cannot hold true in the ground state of the one-dimensional mean-field Bose gas. Our method is based on a resolution of the Hamiltonian into a family of single-mode (k=0)(\mathbf{k}=0)(k=0) Hamiltonians and on the analysis of the associated microcanonical ensembles.