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Between Bohr's Atomic Theory and Heisenberg's Matrix Mechanics. A Study of the Role of the Dutch Physicist H. A. Kramers

Hans Radder

Published Jan 1, 1982• 2 citations
OpenAlex

Related papers

Review: H. A. Kramers and Helge Holst, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of its Structure

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A Magic Wand

Helge Kragh

In a major work of 1918 (‘On the quantum theory of line-spectra’) Bohr reconsidered the general principles of quantum and atomic theory. Apart from reinterpreting his original theory, he introduced the correspondence principle as a crucial connection between quantum and classical physics. What was the nature of this principle and what role did it play in the understanding of atomic structure? In applying the new principle, Bohr and his assistant H. A. Kramers relied on Einstein’s radiation theory. Bohr used the correspondence principle as a selection principle, and Kramers showed how it could account quantitatively for the Stark effect. However, not all physicists appreciated the Copenhagen ‘magic wand’ and Bohr’s use of it. Sommerfeld was the most prominent of the sceptics, but not the only one. The chapter also briefly considers the role of the correspondence principle in the early phase of the new quantum mechanics.

Oxford University Press eBooks•May 17, 2012•0 citations

Crisis: The End of the Bohr Model

Helge Kragh

Failed attempts to understand the anomalous Zeeman effect contributed to the feeling of crisis that by 1924 characterized parts of the physics community. The solution proposed by W. Heisenberg’s ‘core model’ only raised other problems. Another indication was the state of radiation theory and the uncertain relationship between wave theory and the light quantum, a problem that resulted in the controversial BKS (Bohr–Kramers–Slater) theory of 1924. In the wake of this theory, H. Kramers and Heisenberg constructed a formal theory of dispersion that did not rely on electron orbits but only on observable quantities, in agreement with the ‘quantum mechanics’ programme of M. Born. The development culminated with Heisenberg’s paper of August 1925, which marks the end of the Bohr model and the beginning of quantum mechanics. The chapter reconsiders the crisis and the reasons for it, in particular the role of experimental anomalies.

Oxford University Press eBooks•May 17, 2012•0 citations

Bohr’s Quantum Theory and Matrix Mechanics

Robert J. Kolenkow

Cambridge University Press eBooks•May 19, 2022•0 citations
In a major work of 1918 (‘On the quantum theory of line-spectra’) Bohr reconsidered the general principles of quantum and atomic theory. Apart from reinterpreting his original theory, he introduced the correspondence principle as a crucial connection between quantum and classical physics. What was the nature of this principle and what role did it play in the understanding of atomic structure? In applying the new principle, Bohr and his assistant H. A. Kramers relied on Einstein’s radiation theory. Bohr used the correspondence principle as a selection principle, and Kramers showed how it could account quantitatively for the Stark effect. However, not all physicists appreciated the Copenhagen ‘magic wand’ and Bohr’s use of it. Sommerfeld was the most prominent of the sceptics, but not the only one. The chapter also briefly considers the role of the correspondence principle in the early phase of the new quantum mechanics.
Failed attempts to understand the anomalous Zeeman effect contributed to the feeling of crisis that by 1924 characterized parts of the physics community. The solution proposed by W. Heisenberg’s ‘core model’ only raised other problems. Another indication was the state of radiation theory and the uncertain relationship between wave theory and the light quantum, a problem that resulted in the controversial BKS (Bohr–Kramers–Slater) theory of 1924. In the wake of this theory, H. Kramers and Heisenberg constructed a formal theory of dispersion that did not rely on electron orbits but only on observable quantities, in agreement with the ‘quantum mechanics’ programme of M. Born. The development culminated with Heisenberg’s paper of August 1925, which marks the end of the Bohr model and the beginning of quantum mechanics. The chapter reconsiders the crisis and the reasons for it, in particular the role of experimental anomalies.