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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Optical simulation of photon-pair generation in nonlinear lossy waveguides

Markus Gräfe, Diana A. Antonosyan, Alexander S. Solntsev, Alexander Szameit, Andrey A. Sukhorukov

Published Jan 1, 2015• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Integrated optical circuits enable stable and scalable realization of quantum logic devices, which can form a basis for the mass production of photonic chips for quantum communications and computations. An important challenge is the integration of single-photon sources, which should provide on-chip generation and preparation of quantum photon states. Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) provides an attractive solution for experimental generation of correlated and entangled photon pairs [1,2]. However, internal losses in the waveguides may still be present, affecting nontrivially the emerging photon state [3].

DOI
10.13140/rg.2.1.4151.8800

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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Jan 1, 2016•1 citation
Integrated optical circuits enable stable and scalable realization of quantum logic devices, which can form a basis for the mass production of photonic chips for quantum communications and computations. An important challenge is the integration of single-photon sources, which should provide on-chip generation and preparation of quantum photon states. Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) provides an attractive solution for experimental generation of correlated and entangled photon pairs [1,2]. However, internal losses in the waveguides may still be present, affecting nontrivially the emerging photon state [3].
Sources of entangled photons are cornerstones of photonic quantum technologies, providing the basic resources for a wide range of quantum protocols for computing, simulation and sensing. A typical technique to generate entangled photon pairs exploits spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) in non-linear crystals. In this context, an integrated-optics approach based on non-linear waveguides [1] can boost source brightness due to the enhanced mode confinement, and can take great advantage from the unique compactness and stability of on-chip devices. However, integrated devices are often specialized to produce a given quantum state.
Integrated optical quantum circuits based on photonic waveguiding structures are increasingly gaining attention as a possible solution for scalable quantum technologies with important applications to quantum simulations. Quantum communication provides secure information transmission, but the distance over which quantum states of light can be distributed without significant disturbance is limited due to inescapable losses and noise in optical elements. Loss is the greatest challenge facing the implementation of integrated photonic technologies, and it is inescapable in experimental reality. In recent years there is a rise of interest in structures with spatially inhomogeneous losses. Light propagation in waveguiding structures with spatially distributed sections of loss can be used for implementation of quantum plasmonic circuits, which are able to strongly confine light to sub-wavelength dimensions, as well as for parity-time (PT) symmetric structures, with phase transition associated with PT-symmetry breaking, which opens new possibilities for light manipulation. The PhD thesis contains research on the controllable classical and quantum dynamics of optical frequency conversion processes in quadratically nonlinear photonic integrated circuites in the presence of losses. Namely, I discuss spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), sum-frequency generation (SFG) and optical parametric amplification (OPA) in nonlinear structures governed by non-Hermition Hamiltonians. I explore the fundamental features of multi-photon generation in integrated nonlinear waveguides. I have been shown that arrays of coupled nonlinear waveguides can serve as a robust integrated platform for the generation of entangled photon states with nonclassical spatial correlations through spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), and that the operation of such quantum circuit is tolerant even to relatively high losses. Furthermore, I have studied the bi-photon multimode quantum emission tomography in waveguide structures with spatially inhomegeneous losses. The PhD thesis also covers the research on the effect of these losses in waveguide couplers possessing parity-time (PT) symmetry. I have identified an anti-PT spectral symmetry of a parametric amplifier based on those couplers. Finally, I describe the single-photon conversion to a photon pair, and identify opportunities for the efficient enhancement of this process.
Integrated optical platforms enable the realization of complex quantum photonic circuits for a variety of applications including quantum simulations, computations, and communications. The development of on-chip integrated photon sources, providing photon quantum states with on-demand tunability, is currently an important \nresearch area. A flexible approach for on-chip generation of entangled photons is based on spontaneous nonlinear \nfrequency conversion, with possibilities to integrate several photon-pair sources [1] and realize subsequent post \nprocessing using thermo-optically or electro-optically controlled interference [2, 3]. However, deterministic postprocessing can only provide a limited set of output states, whereas quantum gates with probabilistic operation are \nneeded to generate arbitrary two-photon states [4].
We demonstrate efficient photon pair generation for quantum communication using an all-semiconductor approach. In an AlGaAs Bragg-reflection waveguide we employ spontaneous parametric down-conversion to produce photon pairs at telecommunication wavelengths. The various phase-matching solutions present in our device can be used to create timebin or polarization entanglement. This approach can to lead to a fully integrated photon pair source with the pump laser, active and passive optical devices all on a single semiconductor chip.
In the last years the increasing complexity of quantum information protocols triggered the development of integrated waveguide technology for quantum applications [1-3] such that stability is intrinsically obtained thanks to the combination of many optical elements on a monolithic chip and scalability is potentially achievable. In this context the realization of integrated sources of quantum light is of fundamental interest. Some experimental implementations using parametric down conversion in nonlinear materials [4], as well as in semiconductors [5] have been reported. However, in the landscape of integrated devices, the realization of one important source of entangled states is still missing: a source of spectrally indistinguishable photon pairs emitted on two different spatial modes, which share entanglement in the polarization degree of freedom without the need of post-selection. This source is widely adopted in bulk setups [6], indeed entanglement is a fundamental requirement for quantum information purposes and the polarization of photons is the most used degree of freedom for quantum information encoding. However the implementation of such a scheme in integrated waveguides is a challenging task due to the combination of orthogonal polarizations and the need of two different spatial modes.