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Acta Physica Sinica

Anonymous communication scheme based on quantum walk on Cayley graph

Zhenxing He, Xingkui Fan, Peng-Cheng Chu, Hongyang Ma

Published Jan 1, 2020• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Information security is the cornerstone and lifeblood of national security in the information society, and anonymous quantum communication is one of the important ways to protect information security. Using quantum walk randomness to effectively solve sensitive problems such as leakage of identity information. In this paper, an anonymous communication scheme based on quantum walks on the Cayley graph is proposed. First, both parties in the communication hide their identity information, and the sender Alice anonymously selects the receiver Bob through logic or operation. Secondly, the trusted third party and the communicating parties use the BB84 protocol to generate and distribute the security key. Alice encrypts the information sequence according to the security key to obtain the blind information; Bob uses the joint Bell state measurement and security key to sign and the trusted third party verifies the signature information. Third, the trusted third party calculates the position probability distribution function of Bob’s quantum walk via the Fourier transform, converts the position information corresponding to the maximum probability into a confirmation frame and sends it to Alice; Alice uses the quantum compression algorithm by decreasing dimensions to reduce the number of transmitted information bits(the length of the information bit can be reduced by up to 37.5%) and uses the security key to complete the information encryption and then transmit the information to the location indicated by the confirmation frame. Bob uses quantum walks to search the location node to obtain the transmission information and complete the anonymous quantum communication. Finally, the security analysis of the scheme is carried out, and the numerical simulation results of the Cayley graph of 200 nodes are given. At the 10-step walk, the maximal probability of the 6th node is 45.31%. According to the simulation results, the probability that Bob is eavesdropped on the specific location at his 10-step walk during the communication of this scheme is approximately 6 × 10–7%, so the receiver can avoid the identity information from the eavesdropping with a high probability, and the quantum network anonymity protocol is not broken.

DOI
10.7498/aps.69.20200333

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Information security is the cornerstone and lifeblood of national security in the information society, and anonymous quantum communication is one of the important ways to protect information security. Using quantum walk randomness to effectively solve sensitive problems such as leakage of identity information. In this paper, an anonymous communication scheme based on quantum walks on the Cayley graph is proposed. First, both parties in the communication hide their identity information, and the sender Alice anonymously selects the receiver Bob through logic or operation. Secondly, the trusted third party and the communicating parties use the BB84 protocol to generate and distribute the security key. Alice encrypts the information sequence according to the security key to obtain the blind information; Bob uses the joint Bell state measurement and security key to sign and the trusted third party verifies the signature information. Third, the trusted third party calculates the position probability distribution function of Bob’s quantum walk via the Fourier transform, converts the position information corresponding to the maximum probability into a confirmation frame and sends it to Alice; Alice uses the quantum compression algorithm by decreasing dimensions to reduce the number of transmitted information bits(the length of the information bit can be reduced by up to 37.5%) and uses the security key to complete the information encryption and then transmit the information to the location indicated by the confirmation frame. Bob uses quantum walks to search the location node to obtain the transmission information and complete the anonymous quantum communication. Finally, the security analysis of the scheme is carried out, and the numerical simulation results of the Cayley graph of 200 nodes are given. At the 10-step walk, the maximal probability of the 6th node is 45.31%. According to the simulation results, the probability that Bob is eavesdropped on the specific location at his 10-step walk during the communication of this scheme is approximately 6 × 10–7%, so the receiver can avoid the identity information from the eavesdropping with a high probability, and the quantum network anonymity protocol is not broken.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables direct private message transmission over quantum channels without pre-shared keys. This paper proposes a QSDC protocol based on two-step line-based quantum walks (QWs), which involves sender Alice, receiver Bob and an untrusted third party Charlie, and three stages consisting of preparing, checking quantum channel and communicating secret messages. In the first stage, Bob generates entangled states as the desired quantum channel via one-step QW and prepares decoy photons for the subsequent security checking of the quantum channel; In the second stage, Bob first sends a sequence comprising the photons from the entangled states and Bob’s decoy photons to Alice, who forwards Bob’s decoy photons along with her own decoy photons to Charlie for measurement, with Alice and Bob verifying security by comparing the measurement outcomes; In the third stage, Alice prepares a sequence of photons as coin state for encoding messages to be communicated, which along with the prepared entangled states form a quantum teleportation system, which completes the transmission of the messages under the dominance of another-step QW. Security analyses show the suggested protocol can resist against intercept-and-resend and measure-and-resend attacks, promoting the QSDC’s practicality via QW-based entanglement generation, simplified measurement operations and security checking under the assistance of the third party Charlie.
Abstract Anonymous quantum communication (AQC) enables the secure transmission of quantum or classical messages between a sender and a receiver while ensuring the anonymity of their identities. Existing AQC protocols primarily address one-to-one anonymous communication. When there are multiple senders, they must send their messages sequentially to avoid collision problems. In this paper, we propose a multi-participant quantum anonymous communication (MQAC) by employing high-dimensional entangled states. In this protocol, multiple senders establish anonymous entanglement with multiple receivers of their choice and send quantum messages anonymously and simultaneously via quantum teleportation. To propose MQAC, we first present the toolbox we developed, which includes several sub-protocols such as the verification protocol, collision detection protocol, address distribution protocol, and notification protocol. These sub-protocols, which we propose, not only are important parts of MQAC but also serve as the foundation for solving many more complex tasks, such as anonymous commodity transaction. Additionally, the analysis of MQAC demonstrates that neither internal nor external attackers can steal the identities of the communication parties or the transmitted messages by employing any attack. Our work represents an original exploration of anonymous message transmission between multiple senders and receivers in quantum networks.
Considering the security and efficiency of quantum communication system, one step quantum key distribution protocol based on hyperentangled Bell state is proposed. Every 6 classical bits are divided into a group, which are encoded by single particle and hyperentangled Bell state, the sender Alice sends them to receiver Bob, Bob randomly selects the position of hyperentangled Bell state to measure and detects the existence of eavesdropper Eve by comparing measurement results in his hand and transmitted by Alice. Quantum key distribution protocol based on grouping is proposed to solve the storage problem of quantum information and improve the maneuverability, a security analysis is calculated under the intercept-measure-resend attack which introduce at least an error rate of 46.875%, if Eve wants to get all the information, the probability of detection eavesdropping under the entanglement-measure attack is 93.75%, so it proves that proposed protocol does not need to store the quantum state and asymptotically secure under intercept-measure-resend attack and entanglement-measure attack.
Abstract Anonymity in networked communication is vital for many privacy-preserving tasks. Secure key distribution alone is insufficient for high-security communications. Often, knowing who transmits a message to whom and when must also be kept hidden from an adversary. Here, we experimentally demonstrate five information-theoretically secure anonymity protocols on an eight user city-wide quantum network using polarisation entangled photon pairs. At the heart of these protocols is anonymous broadcasting, which is a cryptographic primitive that allows one user to reveal one bit of information while keeping their identity anonymous. For a network of n users, the protocols retain anonymity for the sender, given that no more than n − 2 users are colluding. This is an implementation of genuine multi-user cryptographic protocols beyond standard QKD. Our anonymous protocols enhance the functionality of any fully-connected Quantum Key Distribution network without trusted nodes.
In this article, a model of secure key exchange based on the BB84 protocol of quantum cryptography was developed and simulated. In the study, photons transmitted through a quantum channel between Alice and Bob were encoded in quantum states, and security was ensured by random selection of bases when reading them. An error indicator was calculated to detect Eavesdropping (Eve) interference. After generating the key, a simple ECC encryption algorithm based on XOR was used to transmit data in a protected manner. The results showed that it is possible to effectively maintain information confidentiality using a key formed through the BB84 protocol.
Anonymity in networked communication is vital for many privacy-preserving tasks. Secure key distribution alone is insufficient for high-security communications, often knowing who transmits a message to whom and when must also be kept hidden from an adversary. Here we experimentally demonstrate 5 information-theoretically secure anonymity protocols on an 8 user city-wide quantum network using polarisation-entangled photon pairs. At the heart of these protocols is anonymous broadcasting, which is a cryptographic primitive that allows one user to reveal one bit of information while keeping her identity anonymous. For a network of nnn users, the protocols retain anonymity for the sender, given less than n−2n-2n−2 users are dishonest. This is one of the earliest implementations of genuine multi-user cryptographic protocols beyond standard QKD. Our anonymous protocols enhance the functionality of any fully-connected Quantum Key Distribution network without trusted nodes.