In the last two decades there has been an increasing interest for the quantum estimation theory.Among various research topics there's a recent eort to better understand quantum estimation for open quantum systems, which are known to have worse precision than the closed systems.Our work focused on open quantum systems where we explored out of equilibrium thermometry.To do this we used a single q-bit model in contact with a thermal reservoir and changed it's dynamic by adding two distinct eects: rst we added a stochastic eld, which can maintain the system out of equilibrium for longer periods, using two types of noises; on the second case we used a time-dependent frequency for the q-bit which generates a protective eect against decoherence also extending the period in which the system is out of equilibrium.In both cases we studied how these secondary eects aected the precision of temperature estimations for the reservoir temperature, using data extracted from the q-bit which becomes equivalent to a thermometer.For the stochastic eld we found out that it's possible to achieve higher precision for low temperatures in which the eects of the eld prevail.For the time-dependent frequency we couldn't nd any evidence for a better precision but the delay on the eects of decoherence allows for more time to estimate the temperature, which may oer some advantages for experimental measurements.
In the last two decades there has been an increasing interest for the quantum estimation theory.Among various research topics there's a recent eort to better understand quantum estimation for open quantum systems, which are known to have worse precision than the closed systems.Our work focused on open quantum systems where we explored out of equilibrium thermometry.To do this we used a single q-bit model in contact with a thermal reservoir and changed it's dynamic by adding two distinct eects: rst we added a stochastic eld, which can maintain the system out of equilibrium for longer periods, using two types of noises; on the second case we used a time-dependent frequency for the q-bit which generates a protective eect against decoherence also extending the period in which the system is out of equilibrium.In both cases we studied how these secondary eects aected the precision of temperature estimations for the reservoir temperature, using data extracted from the q-bit which becomes equivalent to a thermometer.For the stochastic eld we found out that it's possible to achieve higher precision for low temperatures in which the eects of the eld prevail.For the time-dependent frequency we couldn't nd any evidence for a better precision but the delay on the eects of decoherence allows for more time to estimate the temperature, which may oer some advantages for experimental measurements.
Abstract Controlling and measuring the temperature in different devices and platforms that operate in the quantum regime is, without any doubt, essential for any potential application. In this review, we report the most recent theoretical developments dealing with accurate estimation of very low temperatures in quantum systems. Together with the emerging experimental techniques and developments of measurement protocols, the theory of quantum thermometry will decisively impinge and shape the forthcoming quantum technologies. While current quantum thermometric methods differ greatly depending on the experimental platform, the achievable precision, and the temperature range of interest, the theory of quantum thermometry is built under a unifying framework at the crossroads of quantum metrology, open quantum systems, and quantum many-body physics. At a fundamental level, theoretical quantum thermometry is concerned with finding the ultimate bounds and scaling laws that limit the precision of temperature estimation for systems in and out of thermal equilibrium. At a more practical level, it provides tools to formulate precise, yet feasible, thermometric protocols for relevant experimental architectures. Last but not least, the theory of quantum thermometry examines genuine quantum features, like entanglement and coherence, for their exploitation in enhanced-resolution thermometry.
Nas últimas duas décadas houve um aumento no interesse pela teoria de estimação quântica. Entre os vários tópicos sobre o tema um que se destaca é a estimação de parâmetros para sistemas abertos, que sabidamente possuem precisão menor do que o caso para sistemas fechados. Nosso trabalho foi focado justamente nos sistemas quânticos abertos onde exploramos a termometria fora do equilíbrio. Para isso utilizamos o modelo de um q-bit em contato com um banho térmico e mudamos sua dinâmica submetendo-o a dois efeitos distintos: primeiro adicionamos um campo estocástico, capaz de manter o sistema fora do equilíbrio por mais tempo, com dois tipos de ruído; no segundo caso fizemos com que a frequência do q-bit fosse variável no tempo, gerando um efeito de proteção de estado quântico, também prolongando o tempo para o sistema se equilibrar com o banho. Em ambos os casos estudamos como a presença destes efeitos secundários afetam a precisão das estimativas da temperatura do banho térmico, calculadas através de dados extraídos do q-bit, que passa a funcionar como um termômetro. No caso do campo estocástico verificamos que para um regime de baixas temperaturas em que os efeitos do campo prevalecem, é possível atingir uma precisão maior que para o caso de temperaturas mais altas. Já para o caso da frequência variável, verificamos que não é possível obter uma maior precisão, mas o retardamento da decoerência oferece uma janela de tempo maior para que as estimativas possam ser realizadas, o que pode oferecer uma vantagem para possíveis aplicações experimentais.
We discuss the application of techniques of quantum estimation theory and quantum metrology to thermometry. The ultimate limit to the precision at which the temperature of a system at thermal equilibrium can be determined is related to the heat capacity when global measurements are performed on the system. We prove that if technical or practical limitations restrict our capabilities to local probing, the highest achievable accuracy to temperature estimation reduces to a sort of mesoscopic version of the heat capacity. Adopting a more practical perspective, we also discuss the relevance of qubit systems as optimal quantum thermometers, in order to retrieve the temperature, or to discriminate between two temperatures, characterizing a thermal reservoir. We show that quantum coherence and entanglement in a probe system can facilitate faster, or more accurate measurements of temperature. While not surprising given this has been demonstrated in phase estimation, temperature is not a conventional quantum observable, therefore these results extend the theory of parameter estimation to measurement of non-Hamiltonian quantities. Finally we point out the advantages brought by a less standard estimation technique based on sequential measurements, when applied to quantum thermometry.
The metrological limits of thermometry operated in nonequilibrium dynamical regimes are analyzed. We consider a finite-dimensional quantum system, employed as a quantum thermometer, in contact with a thermal bath inducing Markovian thermalization dynamics. The quantum thermometer is initialized in a generic quantum state, possibly including quantum coherence with respect to the Hamiltonian basis. We prove that the precision of the thermometer, quantified by the Quantum Fisher Information, is enhanced by the quantum coherence in its initial state. We analytically show this in the specific case of qubit thermometers for which the maximization of the Quantum Fisher Information occurs at a finite time during the transient thermalization dynamics. Such a finite-time precision enhancement can be better than the precision that is achieved asymptotically.
Open quantum systems have been aim of several theoretical and experimental studies over the last years.In particular, research related to non-Markovianity and how it influences the dynamics of the system has become relatively important, because this way we can have the return the initial quantum characteristics present in the system.In this thesis two related works were developed about the influence of non-Markovianity in open quantum systems.In the first, it was used a one qubit system in contact with a bosonic reservoir and also under the influence of a classic stochastic pumping, thus generating an effective coupling of the system with the stochastic noise and the thermal reservoir.Thus, it was investigated how the dynamics of the qubit is modified through the production of non-Markovianity in the system due to the effective coupling and also how the mean system energy, with and without pumping, behaves in both Markovian and non-Markovian regime.Additionally, an analysis of non-Markovianity production was performed using exponential, Gaussian and power law stochastic noises.Applying the Andersson, Cresser, Hall and Li (ACHL) measure, it was possible to make a comparison of how much non-Markovianity was produced for each stochastic noise.In the second work, a study was performed on how it is possible to generate the transition between Markovian to non-Markovian regimes through the control of the spin-lattice relaxation time of an ancillary qubit, which acts as an environment.The decoherence of the system was simulated through the formulation of quantum channels.In addition, it was discussed how the relaxation mechanism is modified by the action of an external magnetic field.Finally, an experimental demonstration of the model is presented and the experimental data were compared with the theoretically simulated ones.
We consider a thermometer modelled by a dynamically-controlled multilevel quantum system in contact with a bath. Periodic modulation of the energy level spacings of our quantum thermometer enables us to dramatically increase the accuracy of temperature estimation. As opposed to the diverging relative error near the absolute zero obtained in conventional thermometers, our control scheme enables high precision temperature estimation arbitrarily close to the absolute zero, by maximizing its quantum Fisher information. Alternatively, dynamical control may allow for high-precision measurement of multiple temperatures.