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Semiconductors and semimetals

Integrated quantum photonic circuits made from diamond

Francesco Lenzini, Nico Gruhler, Nicolai Walter, Wolfram H. P. Pernice

Published Oct 7, 2020• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/bs.semsem.2020.08.004

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Photonic quantum technologies hold promise to repeat the success of integrated nanophotonic circuits in non-classical applications. Using linear optical elements, quantum optical computations can be performed with integrated optical circuits and can therefore overcome the existing limitations in terms of scalability. In addition to passive optical devices for realizing photonic quantum gates, active elements, such as single-photon sources and single-photon detectors, are essential ingredients for future optical quantum circuits. Material systems that allow for the monolithic integration of all components are particularly attractive, including III-V semiconductors, silicon and diamond. Here, we demonstrate nanophotonic integrated circuits made from high-quality polycrystalline diamond thin films in combination with on-chip single-photon detectors. By using superconducting nanowires that are coupled evanescently to traveling waves, we achieve high detection efficiencies of up to 66% as well as low dark count rates and a timing resolution of 190 ps. Our devices are fully scalable and hold promise for functional diamond photonic quantum devices. The development of on-chip quantum circuitry progresses with the integration of single-photon detectors with diamond nanophotonic waveguides. Researchers based in Germany at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and the Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Solid State Physics have fabricated superconducting niobium nitride nanowire detectors directly on top of diamond rib waveguides. This traveling wave design means that photons propagating in the diamond waveguides are coupled evanescently to the superconducting nanowires, allowing efficent on-chip detection of single photons. The small footprints of the detectors allow hundreds of detector circuits to be realized on a single chip. Furthermore, their fast response (they have a decay time of just 5.1 nanoseconds) allows operation at count rates of up to 200 megahertz and with a timing resolution of 190 picoseconds.

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Diamond has emerged as an optimal platform for the realization of fully integrated quantum photonic technologies. In the cover image, a set of electrically tunable color centers supply a source of indistinguishable single photons in different diamond waveguides; a network of directional couplers and opto-mechanical phase shifters is employed for active manipulation of quantum states of light, which are detected at the output of the circuit by integrated superconducting single photon detectors. For further details see the Review (article number 1800061) by Wolfram Pernice and co-workers.

Advanced Quantum Technologies•Dec 1, 2018•5 citations
Photonic quantum technologies hold promise to repeat the success of integrated nanophotonic circuits in non-classical applications. Using linear optical elements, quantum optical computations can be performed with integrated optical circuits and can therefore overcome the existing limitations in terms of scalability. In addition to passive optical devices for realizing photonic quantum gates, active elements, such as single-photon sources and single-photon detectors, are essential ingredients for future optical quantum circuits. Material systems that allow for the monolithic integration of all components are particularly attractive, including III-V semiconductors, silicon and diamond. Here, we demonstrate nanophotonic integrated circuits made from high-quality polycrystalline diamond thin films in combination with on-chip single-photon detectors. By using superconducting nanowires that are coupled evanescently to traveling waves, we achieve high detection efficiencies of up to 66% as well as low dark count rates and a timing resolution of 190 ps. Our devices are fully scalable and hold promise for functional diamond photonic quantum devices. The development of on-chip quantum circuitry progresses with the integration of single-photon detectors with diamond nanophotonic waveguides. Researchers based in Germany at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and the Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Solid State Physics have fabricated superconducting niobium nitride nanowire detectors directly on top of diamond rib waveguides. This traveling wave design means that photons propagating in the diamond waveguides are coupled evanescently to the superconducting nanowires, allowing efficent on-chip detection of single photons. The small footprints of the detectors allow hundreds of detector circuits to be realized on a single chip. Furthermore, their fast response (they have a decay time of just 5.1 nanoseconds) allows operation at count rates of up to 200 megahertz and with a timing resolution of 190 picoseconds.
Abstract Integrated quantum photonics enables the generation, manipulation, and detection of quantum states of light in miniaturized waveguide circuits. Implementation of these three operations in a single integrated platform is a crucial step toward a fully scalable approach to quantum photonic technologies. In this context, diamond has emerged as a particularly promising material as it naturally combines a large transparency range for the fabrication of low‐loss photonic circuits, and a variety of optically active defects for the realization of efficient single‐photon emitters. Furthermore, its high Young's modulus makes it ideal for the implementation of tunable optomechanical devices for active quantum state manipulation. This review reports recent progress on the realization of the main components required for a diamond‐based integrated quantum photonic architecture: single‐photon emitters, static and actively tunable waveguide circuits, and, as a last building block, integrated superconducting single‐photon detectors.
Diamond has emerged as an optimal platform for the realization of fully integrated quantum photonic technologies. In the cover image, a set of electrically tunable color centers supply a source of indistinguishable single photons in different diamond waveguides; a network of directional couplers and opto-mechanical phase shifters is employed for active manipulation of quantum states of light, which are detected at the output of the circuit by integrated superconducting single photon detectors. For further details see the Review (article number 1800061) by Wolfram Pernice and co-workers.