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IEEE International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering and Computer Applications (AEECA)

A Generic Variable Inputs Quantum Algorithm for 3-SAT Problem

Ping Wang, Guangqiang Liu, Liyan Liu

Published Aug 1, 2020• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Grover's algorithm can find an item satisfying certain properties in a search space of size N with circuit complexity $O\left( {\sqrt N } \right)$, where the circuit are formed by the G operator one by one in series. The huge circuit scale is the main obstacle to the practical application of the Grover's algorithm. In this paper, we present a generic variable inputs quantum algorithm by time-space tradeoff to reduce the scale of the quantum circuit. We combine the proposed algorithm in the paper with the Schöning's algorithm to solve the 3-SAT problem which is a NP-complete problem. Compared with previous algorithms, as the input variables n of 3-SAT problem increases, the advantages of our algorithm is obvious.

DOI
10.1109/aeeca49918.2020.9213471

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The Grover's algorithm can find an item satisfying certain properties in a search space of size N with circuit complexity O(N)O\left( {\sqrt N } \right)O(N​), where the circuit are formed by the G operator one by one in series. The huge circuit scale is the main obstacle to the practical application of the Grover's algorithm. In this paper, we present a generic variable inputs quantum algorithm by time-space tradeoff to reduce the scale of the quantum circuit. We combine the proposed algorithm in the paper with the Schöning's algorithm to solve the 3-SAT problem which is a NP-complete problem. Compared with previous algorithms, as the input variables n of 3-SAT problem increases, the advantages of our algorithm is obvious.
This study explores how well Grover's Algorithm performs in solving the Boolean Satisfiability Problem (SAT) using quantum circuits. The algorithm is implemented with IBM's Qiskit framework and compared to classical brute-force methods. Experiments focus on 3-SAT, 4-SAT, and 5-SAT problems, using quantum simulators and IBM quantum hardware. The results show that Grover's Algorithm is more efficient, offering a theoretical quadratic speedup over classical methods. However, practical issues like limited qubit availability, hardware noise, and optimization challenges impact its current performance. The data highlights the potential for quantum computing to scale and solve NP-complete problems. This research shows how quantum computing can improve problem-solving and lays the groundwork for future studies on more complex SAT problems and advanced quantum hardware.
This study explores how well Grover's Algorithm performs in solving the Boolean Satisfiability Problem (SAT) using quantum circuits. The algorithm is implemented with IBM's Qiskit framework and compared to classical brute-force methods. Experiments focus on 3-SAT, 4-SAT, and 5-SAT problems, using quantum simulators and IBM quantum hardware. The results show that Grover's Algorithm is more efficient, offering a theoretical quadratic speedup over classical methods. However, practical issues like limited qubit availability, hardware noise, and optimization challenges impact its current performance. The data highlights the potential for quantum computing to scale and solve NP-complete problems. This research shows how quantum computing can improve problem-solving and lays the groundwork for future studies on more complex SAT problems and advanced quantum hardware.
Although some classical algorithms have been applied to solve the satisfiability problem, more effective methods are still explored because existing algorithms are constrained by inadequate computing capability of traditional computers. The parallelism of quantum computation makes quantum algorithms with promising potential to improve the computing ability, but existing quantum algorithms still require too large number of qubits to solve a simple problem effectively. In this paper, an optimized data structure was structured to solve Boolean satisfiability problem by utilizing Grover's algorithm, and then the corresponding formula was proposed to balance variables in consideration of complexity. With reasonable simplification, quantum circuits were built to decrease the number of qubits required in Grover's algorithm. The result of verification experiment further demonstrated that the proposed approach is simple, reliable and of a certain practical value.
This study investigates the application of quantum computing to the Boolean satisfaction problem (SAT), with a special focus on the special case of the Exactly-1 3-SAT problem. Quantum computing has shown significant advantages in solving various computational problems and achieving exponential accelerations. This study designs and implements a quantum algorithm to identify assignments that prove Boolean formulas of bound form using the Grover search algorithm. We tested the implementation of three quantum circuits using as many quantum techniques as possible using the IBM quantum simulator. Only the second implementation showed consistent results due to the number of qubits, decoherence time, and circuit complexity. This study demonstrates that the design of algorithms meets hardware constraints and lays the foundation for future research as quantum devices improve.
To demonstrate the advantage of quantum computation, many attempts have been made to attack classically intractable problems, such as the satisfiability problem (SAT), with quantum computer. To use quantum algorithms to solve these NP-hard problems, a quantum oracle with quantum circuit implementation is usually required. In this manuscript, we first introduce a novel algorithm to synthesize quantum logic in the Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) model. Compared with linear ancillary qubits in the implementation of Qiskit open-source framework, our algorithm can synthesize an m clauses n variables k-CNF with O(k2m2/n)O(k^2 m^2/n)O(k2m2/n) quantum gates by only using three ancillary qubits. Both the size and depth of the circuit can be further compressed with the increase in the number of ancillary qubits. When the number of ancillary qubits is Ω(mϵ)\Omega(m^\epsilon)Ω(mϵ) (for any ϵ>0\epsilon > 0ϵ>0), the size of the quantum circuit given by the algorithm is O(km), which is asymptotically optimal. Furthermore, we design another algorithm to optimize the depth of the quantum circuit with only a small increase in the size of the quantum circuit. Experiments show that our algorithms have great improvement in size and depth compared with the previous algorithms.
The K-SAT problem is a fundamental challenge in computational theory, widely used in artificial intelligence, cryptography, and optimization. Classical algorithms struggle with exponential time complexity, making them inefficient for large-scale instances. In this research, we propose an efficient quantum computing approach based on Grover’s algorithm to enhance the search process for satisfiable solutions in K-SAT problems. Our implementation leverages quantum superposition and amplitude amplification to explore multiple possible solutions simultaneously, reducing the search complexity from O (2ⁿ) in classical methods to O(√2ⁿ) in quantum computing. We design a quantum oracle that encodes the K-SAT clauses and integrates it into Grover’s iterative search framework. The performance is evaluated through Qiskit simulations, demonstrating a significant improvement in search efficiency compared to classical brute-force techniques. The results highlight the potential of quantum algorithms in solving complex combinatorial problems with enhanced speed and accuracy. This study contributes to the development of quantum-accelerated optimization methods, paving the way for real-world applications in machine learning, cryptanalysis, and large-scale data processing.