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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

A Simple Low-latency Real-time Certifiable Quantum Random Number Generator

Y. Zhang, Hsin-Pin Lo, Takuya Ikuta, Toshimori Honjo, Hiroki Takesue, William J. Munro

Published Jan 1, 2020• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate a simple scheme for generating certifiable quantum random numbers considering the imperfections in quantum devices employed. Particularly, we show low-latency real-time randomness generation from measurements on photonic time-bin states. Every 0.12s, we certify enough entropy against a quantum adversary to generate a block of 8192 random bits with a certified error bounded by 10-20. It can be run continuously and is thus well suited as a quantum randomness beacon.

DOI
10.1364/cleo_qels.2020.ff1d.2

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We demonstrate a simple scheme for generating certifiable quantum random numbers considering the imperfections in quantum devices employed. Particularly, we show low-latency real-time randomness generation from measurements on photonic time-bin states. Every 0.12s, we certify enough entropy against a quantum adversary to generate a block of 8192 random bits with a certified error bounded by 10-20. It can be run continuously and is thus well suited as a quantum randomness beacon.
Abstract Quantum random numbers distinguish themselves from others by their intrinsic unpredictability arising from the principles of quantum mechanics. As such they are extremely useful in many scientific and real-world applications with considerable efforts going into their realizations. Most demonstrations focus on high asymptotic generation rates. For this goal, a large number of repeated trials are required to accumulate a significant store of certifiable randomness, resulting in a high latency between the initial request and the delivery of the requested random bits. Here we demonstrate low-latency real-time certifiable randomness generation from measurements on photonic time-bin states. For this, we develop methods to certify randomness taking into account adversarial imperfections in both the state preparation and the measurement apparatus. Every 0.12 s we generate a block of 8192 random bits which are certifiable against all quantum adversaries with an error bounded by 2 −64 . Our quantum random number generator is thus well suited for realizing a continuously-operating, high-security and high-speed quantum randomness beacon.
Random numbers which are unpredictable and definitely unknown by anyone before they are generated are now used in a large number of real-world applications ranging from authentication, gaming, many online activities to simulations and optimizations. The development of a trusted randomness source is thus a necessity. In this work we present a simple design of a certifiable quantum random number generation and its. In particular we show how real-time low-latency randomness can be generated from measurements on time-bin photonic states every 0.12s. We generate a block of 2^13 random bits certifiable against the most powerful quantum adversary with its error bounded by 2^-64. Further our device is suitable for continuous operation giving it a potential application as a quantum randomness beacon.
Applications of randomness such as private key generation and public randomness beacons require small blocks of certified random bits on demand. Device-independent quantum random number generators can produce such random bits, but existing quantum-proof protocols and loophole-free implementations suffer from high latency, requiring many hours to produce any random bits. We demonstrate device-independent quantum randomness generation from a loophole-free Bell test with a more efficient quantum-proof protocol, obtaining multiple blocks of 512 random bits with an average experiment time of less than 5 min per block and with a certified error bounded by 2^{-64}≈5.42×10^{-20}.
Quantum entanglement represents an ideal resource to guarantee the security of random numbers employed in many scientific and cryptographic applications. However, entanglement-based certified random number generators are particularly challenging to implement. Here, we demonstrate a certified quantum random number generator based on momentum-polarization entangled single-photon states. The use of single-photon entanglement allows an attenuated laser source to be employed and a simple setup where only linear optical components are utilized. For the latter, a semi-device-independent modeling of the photonic quantum random number generator is developed, which certifies a minimum entropy of $(2.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\mathrm{%}$, corresponding to a generation rate of 4.4 kHz. At the expenses of a higher level of trust in the system, the certified minimum entropy can be increased to $(30.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\mathrm{%}$, implying a generation rate of 52.7 kHz. Our results show that a simple optical implementation combined with an accurate modeling provide an entanglement-based high-security quantum random number generator using imperfect devices.
Random number generators are employed for stochastic simulations and cryptography. Besides the quality of randomness, a crucial aspect for applications is security, namely the monitoring of the lower bound on the entropy produced by the generator in any context, even fraudulent ones. In this regard, quantum entanglement represents an ideal resource, because it provides non-classical correlations between intrinsically random outcomes. However, entanglement-based certified random numbers generators are particularly challenging from a practical point of view. Here, we demonstrate a new certified quantum random number generator based on momentum-polarization entangled single photon states. The use of single particle entanglement allows employing an attenuated laser source and a simple setup where only linear optical components are utilized. A semi-device independent modeling of the photonic quantum random number generator certifies a minimum entropy of (2.5±0.5)%(2.5 \pm 0.5)\%(2.5±0.5)%, corresponding to a generation rate of 4.4 kHz. Modeling the generation stage of the setup permits to increase the certified minimum entropy to (30.1±0.5)%(30.1 \pm 0.5)\%(30.1±0.5)%, implying a generation rate of 52.7 kHz, at the expenses of an increased level of trust on the system.
We introduce a scheme for a self-testing quantum random-number generator and demonstrate it experimentally. Compared to the fully device-independent model, our scheme requires an extra natural assumption, namely, that the mean number of photons of the signal optical modes is bounded. The scheme is self-testing, as it allows the user to verify in real time the correct functioning of the setup, hence guaranteeing the continuous generation of certified random bits. The scheme is based on a prepare-and-measure setup, which we implement in a proof-of-principle experiment using only off-the-shelf optical components. The randomness generation rate is 1.25 Mbits/s, comparable to commercial solutions. Overall, we believe that this scheme achieves a promising trade-off between the required assumptions, ease of implementation and performance.