In this paper we present the Quantum Synth project, an interface between Qiskit and Max for controlling sound synthesis parameters encoded on the basis states of a quantum computer. This sound synthesis is obtained from the potential measured outcomes of a quantum circuit. The effects of using fundamental quantum operations as found in the Bell circuit, for the generation of entangled states, and the Grover's search algorithm have been demonstrated. The interface has been designed to be used by music performers and composers in their creative process, and as a resource to both learn Quantum Computing and analyze the intrinsic noise of real quantum hardware.
In this paper we present the Quantum Synth project, an interface between Qiskit and Max for controlling sound synthesis parameters encoded on the basis states of a quantum computer. This sound synthesis is obtained from the potential measured outcomes of a quantum circuit. The effects of using fundamental quantum operations as found in the Bell circuit, for the generation of entangled states, and the Grover's search algorithm have been demonstrated. The interface has been designed to be used by music performers and composers in their creative process, and as a resource to both learn Quantum Computing and analyze the intrinsic noise of real quantum hardware.
Quantum computing is emerging as an alternative computing technology, which is built on the principles of subatomic physics. In spite of continuing progress in developing increasingly more sophisticated hardware and software, access to quantum computing still requires specialist expertise that is largely confined to research laboratories. Moreover, the target applications for these developments remain primarily scientific. This chapter introduces research aimed at improving this scenario. Our research is aimed at extending the range of applications of quantum computing towards the arts and creative applications, music being our point of departure. This chapter reports on initial outcomes, whereby quantum information processing controls an inverse Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) sound synthesizer and an adaptive musical sequencer. A composition called Zeno is presented to illustrate a practical real-world application.
Quantum computing and artificial intelligence, two prominent topics in science and technology, are rapidly advancing and extending their influence into numerous fields, including music. Quantum computer music, which merges the strengths of quantum computing and deep learning, heralds a new era in the integration of music creation with cutting-edge technology. The interactive quantum music composition “Spinnings—Q1 Synth Trio”, created by Brazilian composer Miranda during the QuTune project at the Interdisciplinary Centre for Computer Music Research (ICCMR), in collaboration with the University of Oxford, stands as a notable example of quantum computer music. This study adopts a case study approach to thoroughly investigate the technical creative process behind this work, covering elements such as quantum computing, quantum properties, qubits, quantum gates, and quantum circuits, gradually unveiling the mathematical logic behind quantum algorithmic composition. The results of this study indicate that quantum algorithmic composition, as an emerging approach to music creation, not only generates unique music through the characteristics of quantum computing but also offers new possibilities for the integration of music, art, and technology. By applying quantum bits, quantum gates, and quantum circuits, this research demonstrates how quantum computing can provide new theoretical foundations and practical methods for music composition. Furthermore, the study discusses how to optimize the interactive creative experience in quantum music works and how to enhance the understanding and appreciation of quantum music among a broader audience of musicians and listeners. With the continuous advancement of quantum computing technology, quantum music is poised to contribute a distinctive dimension to the global flourishing of musical culture. This research offers fresh perspectives and ideas for the development of this field.
We observe an enormous increase in the computational power of digital computers. This was due to the revolution in manufacturing processes and controlling semiconductor structures on submicron scale, ultimately leading to the control of individual atoms. Eventually, the classical electric circuits encountered the barrier of quantum mechanics and its effects. However, the laws of quantum mechanics can be also used to produce computational devices that lead to extraordinary speed increases over classical computers. Thus quantum computing becomes a very promising and attractive research area. The Computer Aided Design for Quantum circuits becomes an essential ingredient for such emerging research which may lead to these powerful computers to be realized—an era of Quantum computing. This thesis presents an integrated theoretical study of software algorithms to design circuits of quantum oracles as well as methods for designing quantum oracles for Grover algorithm to solve combinatorial problems. An implementation of quantum algorithm involves the initialization of the input state and its manipulation with quantum gates followed by the measurements. In Grover algorithm the problem to be solved is specified by a permutative logic oracle – the fundamental problem is then how to build this oracle from quantum logic circuits and how to optimize these circuits. These problems are NP-hard and require search algorithms. In future, the search will be also done in quantum and this thesis leads to quantum algorithms to design quantum circuits more efficiently.
This paper introduces a system that learns to sing new tunes by listening to examples. It extracts sequencing rules from input music and uses these rules to generate new tunes, which are sung by a vocal synthesiser. We developed a method to represent rules for musical composition as quantum circuits. We claim that such musical rules are quantum native: they are naturally encodable in the amplitudes of quantum states. To evaluate a rule to generate a subsequent event, the system builds the respective quantum circuit dynamically and measures it. After a brief discussion about the vocal synthesis methods that we have been experimenting with, the paper introduces our novel generative music method through a practical example. The paper shows some experiments and concludes with a discussion about harnessing the creative potential of the system.
Abstract This laboratory work presents a practical introduction to the preparation and analysis of entangled quantum states (Bell pairs) using the Qiskit framework. The material is based on educational resources developed by the International Quantum Center at CERN (Switzerland) and is designed to provide hands-on experience with multi-qubit quantum circuits and entanglement generation. In Laboratory Work No. 3, participants construct and simulate a quantum circuit that prepares an entangled two-qubit state. As a representative example of multi-qubit operations in Qiskit, the circuit generates a Bell state by applying a Hadamard (H) gate to the first qubit q[0]q[0]q[0], followed by a controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate with q[0]q[0]q[0] as the control qubit and q[1]q[1]q[1] as the target qubit. This sequence creates a maximally entangled state, demonstrating the fundamental non-classical correlations characteristic of quantum systems. The laboratory exercise includes measurement operations applied to both qubits, illustrating how entanglement manifests in correlated classical outcomes. When the measurement operator is applied to the first qubit q[0]q[0]q[0], the corresponding classical bit records a definite value, and subsequent measurement of the second qubit q[1]q[1]q[1] yields a correlated result consistent with the structure of the Bell state. The probabilistic yet correlated outcomes provide direct evidence of quantum entanglement. The guide emphasizes the conceptual understanding of entanglement, circuit implementation in Qiskit, and the hybrid quantum-classical workflow underlying quantum computation. By bridging theoretical quantum mechanics with executable quantum circuits, this laboratory work enables students and researchers to experimentally explore one of the central phenomena of quantum information science using cloud-based quantum computing resources.
This paper introduces a comprehensive quantum calculator using Qiskit that integrates quantum arithmetic and logic functions into a single calculator. The calculator relies on quantum Fourier transforms (QFT), controlled-phase gates, and quantum modular arithmetic to perform basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication. These arithmetic techniques used quantum parallelism and interference to perform calculations more efficiently, particularly for tasks involving large numerical inputs. Numerical values are stored in qubit registers and processed using QFT-based circuits, which enable efficient and reversible mathematical computations. In addition to arithmetic operations, the calculator also implements quantum logic algorithms, including Grover’s Search and the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm. Grover’s algorithm is an unstructured search algorithm that operates by constructing an oracle and iteratively amplifying the probability amplitude of the target solution. This amplitude amplification significantly increases the likelihood of measuring the desired outcome. Due to this property, Grover’s algorithm has practical relevance in applications such as database searching and solving combinatorial optimization problems. The Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm determines whether or not a certain Boolean function is constant or balanced and offers an exponential speed up compared to classical methods for this class of problem. A key fundamental function of the calculator is the ability to generate hybrid quantum circuits that support both arithmetic and logical functions. That allows the exploration of simple as well as complex problem-solving strategies that take advantage of both quantum arithmetic and decision-making algorithms. For instance, combining Grover’s amplification with function characterizations from the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm provides not only interesting circuit configurations but also adds value to the possibilities of the algorithms. This research offers a modular idea and allows exploring the fundamental principles of quantum computing generally speaking and will be a valuable resource for educational as well as research purposes in the rapidly growing field of quantum algorithm development.