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Measurement Techniques

Detection Efficiency Measurement of Single-Photon Detectors Based on Spontaneous Parametric Scattering Process Using the Heterodyning Method

A. A. Samoĭlenko, A. D. Ivanov, Gennady G. Levin

Published Nov 1, 2020• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11018-020-01831-y

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Applied Optics•Dec 10, 2019•2 citations
Recent active development of quantum computers and quantum key distribution systems requires characterization of the parameters of single-photon detectors. A key parameter of single-photon detectors is detection efficiency. One of the methods for measuring the detection efficiency given in the international ETSI standard is the Klyshko reference-free method based on the use of the effect of spontaneous parametric downconversion. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of this method depends on a combination of the pump wavelength, the nonlinear crystal axis angle, and the type of detector sensitive element. When the combination is complex, one has to deal with low SNR. In this case, to obtain a high SNR, long-term signal accumulation is necessary. In real detectors, the situation is complicated by the presence of a high noise level at low frequencies. The heterodyning-based method we have proposed consists in introducing modulation into the standard Klyshko scheme and accumulating the signal at a higher frequency. The method was numerically modeled and experimentally tested. A 14 times improvement in SNR was demonstrated compared to simple signal accumulation.
Active development of quantum informational components such as quantum computers and quantum key distribution systems requires parameter characterization of single photon detectors. A key property of the single photon detectors is detection efficiency. One of the methods of the detection efficiency measurement, as listed in the international standard ETSI, is the reference-free twin-photon-based Klyshko method. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of this method depends on the combination of the pump wavelength, the nonlinear crystal's axis angle, and the type of detector's sensitive element. When the combination is difficult, one has to deal with the low SNR of the detector counts measurement. To gain the high SNR, one has to average the long record complicated with the "random telegraph signal" noise. This type of noise exhibits high spectral density at a zero frequency, where simple averaging works. The heterodyne based method we have proposed is to perform averaging at the higher frequency of the modulation introduced to the standard Klyshko measurement scheme. The method was numerically simulated and experimentally tested. The 14 times improvement in SNR for the proposed method relative to the simple averaging was demonstrated by the numerical simulation and confirmed experimentally.