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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Highly-sensitive multi-axes rotation sensing using large momentum transfer point source atom interferometry

Jinyang Li, Wayne Huang, Mohamed F. Fouda, Tim Kovachy, M. S. Shahriar

Published Jan 1, 2020• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Employing a fully quantized model for atomic wave-packets, we show that a large momentum transfer, multi-axes gyroscope using point-source atomic interferometry (PSAI) can achieve a sensitivity much higher than that of a conventional PSAI gyroscope.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_si.2020.stu3f.3

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A point source interferometer (PSI) is a device where atoms are split and recombined by applying a temporal sequence of Raman pulses during the expansion of a cloud of cold atoms behaving approximately as a point source. The PSI can work as a sensitive multi-axes gyroscope that can automatically filter out the signal from accelerations. The phase shift arising from the rotations is proportional to the momentum transferred to each atom from the Raman pulses. Therefore, by increasing the momentum transfer, it should be possible to enhance the sensitivity of the PSI. Here, we investigate the degree of enhancement in sensitivity that could be achieved by augmenting the PSI with large momentum transfer (LMT) employing a sequence of many Raman pulses with alternating directions. We analyze how factors such as Doppler detuning, spontaneous emission, and the finite initial size of the atomic cloud compromise the advantage of LMT and how to find the optimal momentum transfer under these limitations, with both the semi-classical model and a model under which the motion of the center of mass of each atom is described quantum mechanically. We identify a set of realistic parameters for which LMT can improve the PSI by a factor of nearly 40.
Using the technique of point source atom interferometry, we characterize the sensitivity of a multi-axis gyroscope based on free-space Raman interrogation of a single source of cold atoms in a glass vacuum cell. The instrument simultaneously measures the acceleration in the direction of the Raman laser beams and the component of the rotation vector in the plane perpendicular to that direction. We characterize the sensitivities for the magnitude and direction of the rotation vector measurement, which are 0.033 ∘/s^{\circ}/\mathrm{s}∘/s and 0.27 ∘^{\circ}∘ with one second averaging time, respectively. The sensitivity could be improved by increasing the Raman interrogation time, allowing the cold-atom cloud to expand further, correcting the fluctuations in the initial cloud shape, and reducing sources of technical noise. The unique ability of the PSI technique to measure the rotation vector in a plane may permit applications of atom interferometry such as tracking the precession of a rotation vector and gyrocompassing.
A point source interferometer (PSI) is a device where atoms are split and recombined by applying a temporal sequence of Raman pulses. During the pulse sequence, an initially trapped cloud of cold atoms is released and allowed to expand, behaving approximately as a point source. The PSI can work as a sensitive multi-axes gyroscope that can automatically filter out the signal from accelerations. The phase shift arising from rotations is proportional to the momentum transferred to each atom from the Raman pulses. Therefore, by increasing the momentum transfer, it should be possibly to enhance the sensitivity of the PSI. Here, we investigate the degree of enhancement in sensitivity that could be achieved by augmenting the PSI with large momentum transfer (LMT) employing a sequence of many Raman pulses with alternating directions. Contrary to typical approaches used for describing a PSI, we employ a model under which the motion of the center of mass of each atom is described quantum mechanically. We show how increasing Doppler shifts lead to imperfections, thereby limiting the visibility of the signal fringes, and identify ways to suppress this effect by increasing the effective, two-photon Rabi frequencies of the Raman pulses. Considering the effect of spontaneous emission, we show that for a given value of the one-photon Rabi frequency, there is an optimum value for the number of pulses employed, beyond which the net enhancement in sensitivity begins to decrease. For a one-photon Rabi frequency of 200 MHz, for example, the peak value of the factor of enhancement in sensitivity is ~39, for a momentum transfer that is ~69 times as large as that for a conventional PSI. We also find that this peak value scales as the one-photon Rabi frequency to the power of 4/5.
We show that light-pulse atom interferometry with atomic point sources and spatially resolved detection enables multiaxis (two rotation, one acceleration) precision inertial sensing at long interrogation times. Using this method, we demonstrate a light-pulse atom interferometer for 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb with 1.4 cm peak wave packet separation and a duration of 2T=2.3  s2T=2.3\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{s}2T=2.3  s. The inferred acceleration sensitivity of each shot is $6.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}g$, which improves on previous limits by more than 2 orders of magnitude. We also measure Earth's rotation rate with a precision of 200  nrad/s200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{nrad}/\mathrm{s}200  nrad/s.
We propose a new design of a multi-axis atom interferometer (AI) gyroscope based on a grating chip, which allows a single input laser beam for atomic trapping and coherent manipulation. Multiple AIs are formed by the input laser beam along with the other four diffractive beams generated by the grating chip. The rotation induced phase shifts from different input axes lead to different spatial interference fringes due to the modulation of the atomic velocity. With the point source interferometry (PSI) and the spatially resolved detection, multi-axis rotations may be measured by imaging the final atomic cloud after the interferometer sequence and decoding the information of spatial fringes from different input axes. Monte-Carlo based simulation are used for evaluating the proposed scheme and its application as a multi-axis gyroscope.
Point source atom interferometry, employing optical Raman pulses and a cold atom source, enables measurements of rotation and acceleration in a compact experimental package. This system is uniquely sensitive to rotations in the plane perpendicular to the Raman beamline. Here we discuss our experiment’s sensitivity, stability, systematic errors, and other performance-limiting factors both fundamentaland technical. Our current measurements for the sensitivity to the magnitude and direction of the rotation vector are 0.6 mrad/s and 5 mrad, respectively.