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International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Information Systems (ICAIIS)

Long-haul Stealth Communication Based on Different State Bases Unidirectional Loopback in Optical Fiber Link

Chao Lei, Yajie Li, Jie Zhang, Yongli Zhao, Huibin Zhang, Bo Wang, Hang Shan Gao, Junjia Li, Mingrui Zhang

Published Mar 1, 2020• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

This paper describe a long-haul stealth communication based on different state bases unidirectional loopback (DSBUL) in optical fiber link. In order to prevent the optical signal in the optical fiber from being directly detected by the eavesdropping, our scheme combine the quantum noise stream cipher with a novel signal expension technology. We demonstrate digital signal processing (DSP) algorithm steps of transmitter and receiver in detail and experimentally implement a long-haul stealth communication based on DSBUL system, which can be compatible with existing coherent optical communication systems without changing any hardware structure. The stealth transmission distance (L) is 300 kilometers with free bit error rate. And transmission rate is over 550 kbps. In additional, we evaluate the security of this scheme with capability against various tapping attacks.

DOI
10.1109/icaiis49377.2020.9194882

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This paper describe a long-haul stealth communication based on different state bases unidirectional loopback (DSBUL) in optical fiber link. In order to prevent the optical signal in the optical fiber from being directly detected by the eavesdropping, our scheme combine the quantum noise stream cipher with a novel signal expension technology. We demonstrate digital signal processing (DSP) algorithm steps of transmitter and receiver in detail and experimentally implement a long-haul stealth communication based on DSBUL system, which can be compatible with existing coherent optical communication systems without changing any hardware structure. The stealth transmission distance (L) is 300 kilometers with free bit error rate. And transmission rate is over 550 kbps. In additional, we evaluate the security of this scheme with capability against various tapping attacks.
In fiber-optic networks, optical steganographic communication hides the existence of stealth signals in public channels. The previous security analyses assumed threat models in which eavesdroppers rely only on the real-time key search in the optical domain for signal recovery. In this letter, we study a new threat model that uses coherent detection and offline digital signal processing (DSP) to recover the stealth signal, and we show the robustness of optical steganographic communication under this attack. We find that eavesdroppers equipped with the state-of-the-art coherent detectors and DSP technologies fail to estimate the secret key. In addition, even if the eavesdroppers are given the secret key, the stealth signal cannot be recovered from the signal using DSP. The histogram of the received signal after DSP displays a noise-like form which prevents eavesdroppers from detecting the existence of the stealth signal. We attribute the system robustness to the unique features of using amplified spontaneous emission noise as the signal carrier, including wide bandwidth, large phase variance, and fast phase fluctuation.
A record-long 10,118-km fiber transmission with physical layer encryption is demonstrated utilizing a Y-00 cipher based on signal masking by quantum (shot) noise. The Y-00 cipher enables symmetric-key data encryption to ensure the security of the physical layer of optical communications. Irreducible secrecy without significant negative impact on transmission performance is achieved by the synergistic effect of combining seed-key-based high-order modulation and truly random shot noise inevitable in optical detection. This paper reports a comprehensive study of applying a phase-shift-keying (PSK) Y-00 cipher for ultra-long haul fiber transmission. Theoretical analysis shows that security-enhanced transmission over transoceanic-distance (>10,000 km) fiber is feasible when the quadrature PSK data signal is encrypted by converting to a PSK signal with 218 levels. Subsequently, 10,118-km standard single-mode fiber transmission of 48-Gbit/s line-rate dual-polarization PSK Y-00 cipher with 218 levels is experimentally demonstrated. An adequate signal quality above the Q-factor threshold of soft decision forward error correction is achieved together with sufficient signal masking by shot noise, yielding balanced transmission performance and high security in an ultra-long-haul PSK Y-00 cipher transmission system.
Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light is the most natural optical carrier to hide a message in the existing optical networks at photonic layer. To enhance the anti-intercept ability of the ASE-carried stealth channel, a novel optical stealth communication scheme based on quantum noise stream cipher is proposed. The ASE light is intensity modulated by the cipher-text according to Y-00 protocol, and then transmitted under public optical noise after power attenuation. The expression of quantum noise stream ciphered ASE signal is derived, and numerical simulation is carried out. A proof-of-concept experiment is set up to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme. The experiment results show that the quantum noise stream ciphered stealth signals can be transmitted over a 25 km single-mode fiber span error-free.
We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a free-space optical stealth communication system that hides the stealth signal in wide-band spontaneous emission noise. Spontaneous emission light sources have been widely used for illuminations and has been recently deployed for short distance and indoor free-space optical communications, such as LiFi. Since free-space optical communication is a broadcasting network, the users’ privacy is exposed to eavesdropping attacks. In this paper, stealth communication is achieved by taking advantage of the existing properties of spontaneous emission light sources, random phase fluctuations, and protects users’ privacy in free-space communication networks. The keys to hide and recover the stealth signal are the optical delays at the transmitter and receiver. Only by matching the delay length with the pre-shared keys can the authorized receiver recover the stealth signal. Without the right key, the eavesdropper receives a constant power that is the same as illumination light sources and cannot detect the existence of the stealth signal.
To provide secure and covert transmission for optical communication system at the same time, a quantum-noise stream ciphered optical stealth communication approach is proposed for the first time. In the proposed system, the optical pulses are time spread by a chromatic dispersion device and then phase modulated with optical codes at chip rate to realize an equivalent spectral encoding. Binary optical codes are converted to multiple level phase-shift keying signal according to Y-00 protocol. The encoded optical signals are attenuated to mesoscopic coherent states and sent to a public channel. The ciphered signals are stealthy transmitted under public channel noise. The availability and covertness of the optical stealth channel is verified by system simulations.
In the era of large models and big data, the security of optical fiber communication backbone networks has garnered significant attention. Quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC) stands as a crucial method for safeguarding the physical layer security of optical fiber communications, yet the current schemes lag behind the rate capabilities of existing 400G optical fiber backbone networks. In this paper, we introduce deep learning into QNSC and propose an end-to-end quantum noise stream cipher (E2E-QNSC) scheme, which encrypts 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) into E2E-65536QAM/QNSC. Our experiments successfully demonstrate secure optical communication with a single-channel rate of 400 Gbps, a total capacity of 8.4 Tbps, and a transmission distance of 1520 km. Even in the most extreme scenarios, the detection failure probability (DFP) of the scheme remains at an excellent level greater than 0.9999, proving the security of the approach. The experimental results presented herein represent the highest rate-distance product record of QNSC secure transmission systems, to the best of our knowledge.