In recent years, quantum computing has emerged as the next frontier in computational and information technologies. Even though it has found potential applications in solving complex problems in fields such as chemistry, machine learning, and cryptography, among other fields, there has been little research conducted on its applications for music and acoustic technologies. This paper will discuss the use of a quantum internet protocol in the context of networked music performance in which quantum computing could play a role in processing musical data via a cloud-based music software application. We also propose an example model for a beat-making performance network using a smart music playlist application deployed on a simulated quantum internet. In the proposed system design and architecture, several beat-makers located remotely from each other are connected live over a simulated quantum internet in a distributed networked music performance. Each beat-maker node transmits and receives audio sample time slices of beat patterns from one another to use in their local performances. This model provides a proof of concept for implementing quantum algorithms, standards, and protocols in music software and network applications when a quantum internet becomes available.
In recent years, quantum computing has emerged as the next frontier in computational and information technologies. Even though it has found potential applications in solving complex problems in fields such as chemistry, machine learning, and cryptography, among other fields, there has been little research conducted on its applications for music and acoustic technologies. This paper will discuss the use of a quantum internet protocol in the context of networked music performance in which quantum computing could play a role in processing musical data via a cloud-based music software application. We also propose an example model for a beat-making performance network using a smart music playlist application deployed on a simulated quantum internet. In the proposed system design and architecture, several beat-makers located remotely from each other are connected live over a simulated quantum internet in a distributed networked music performance. Each beat-maker node transmits and receives audio sample time slices of beat patterns from one another to use in their local performances. This model provides a proof of concept for implementing quantum algorithms, standards, and protocols in music software and network applications when a quantum internet becomes available.
Quantum computing technology is developing at a fast pace. The impact of quantum computing on the music industry is inevitable. This paper maps the emerging field of quantum computer music. Quantum computer music investigates, and develops applications and methods to process music using quantum computing technology. The paper begins by contextualising the field. Then, it discusses significant examples of various approaches developed to date to leverage quantum computing to learn, process and generate music. The methods discussed range from rendering music using data from physical quantum mechanical systems and quantum mechanical simulations to computational quantum algorithms to generate music, including quantum AI. The ambition to develop techniques to encode audio quantumly for making sound synthesisers and audio signal processing systems is also discussed.
The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and cloud infrastructure represents a paradigm shift in how intelligent systems are designed, trained, and deployed. As AI models continue to demand exponential computational resources, classical systems are increasingly reaching their performance limits in domains such as high-dimensional optimization, complex pattern recognition, and probabilistic modeling. Quantum computing, with its foundational principles of superposition, entanglement, and quantum parallelism, offers a theoretical edge in solving problems that are intractable for conventional hardware. However, the practical deployment of quantum algorithms—particularly those relevant to machine learning (ML) has been hindered by the limited scalability and accessibility of quantum hardware. To bridge this gap, cloud-based quantum computing platforms have emerged, providing remote, programmable access to quantum devices and hybrid runtimes. In this context, the present study offers a comprehensive review of cloud-delivered quantum AI systems, examining core architectures, hybrid quantum-classical algorithms, platform capabilities, and real-world use cases. The paper synthesizes recent advances and performance insights from systems such as Amazon Braket, IBM Quantum, and Azure Quantum, while critically analyzing algorithmic trends like variational quantum circuits and quantum kernel methods. It further explores challenges including circuit depth limitations, latency in hybrid models, and standardization barriers across toolchains. By consolidating current research and implementation patterns, this review aims to inform the design and future trajectory of scalable, cloud-native quantum AI applications.
During collective musical performances over the network that are characterized by improvisation, a performer may face the problem of what connected musician to follow most in order to direct his/her own improvisation. This choice may be taken on the basis of different factors related to the state of the network and of the kind of the received musical signal. In this paper we investigate the possibility to adopt the mathematical formalism of Quantum Mechanics to describe some interaction phenomena occurring during improvised networked music performances. We propose a decision-making system, having a quantum circuit in its core, where the approximated decision by performers is modeled with state superposition and probability amplitudes used in quantum computing. The model considers the levels of signal clarity (i.e., audio quality related to packet losses), latency, and musical novelty (e.g., melodic or harmonic variation with respect to a previous musical sequence) as the factors that affect the decision of a performer to select another connected performer to follow. This model may be exploited to regulate the behaviour of an artificial intelligent agent playing the role of a virtual musician in the networked ensemble (via generative music techniques). This allows to create mixed human-artificial ensembles and even fully artificial ensembles in networked contexts.
The growing demand of better functionality in the distributed computing systems has discovered the limitations of the conventional cloud systems in operating under the complicated model, particularly with the computation, security risk, and processing time in a low latency. Even though the distributed systems can work with a much larger number of clients, as they have more computing power, in practice they are limited by the speed of traditional processors and classical encryption model protection. The provided paper describes a quantum-enabled model of cloud computing to facilitate the deployment of quantum processors within the framework of the infrastructure of distributed systems and also facilitates hybrid classical-quantum computing on the bundled runtime level. The proposed model employs quantum algorithms to optimize the optimization and speed up the performances of solving problems, improve security by using quantum-proven cryptographic, and distribute resources to the distributed nodes in the cloud computing system in an intelligent manner. Computational structure implies that it has a layered architecture that comprises of quantum processing units, cloud-level software coordination, and quantum communication protocols. Qiskit and cloud-native applications are used to test the model by simulation. Results indicate that the run time on complex optimization problems may be reduced by a maximum of 45 per cent, and the ability to provide more data security against quantum threat. Results provide a clue on the possible transformation quantum can impose on the next generation cloud-based distributed systems and transform continuous work and research to enable sustainable, secure and efficient infrastructures to maximize future computing.
This paper explores the intersection of quantum computing and the Internet of Musical Things, a topic that hitherto has received little attention from scholars. The CubeHarmonic (CH) is a musical instrument based on the Rubik's cube. Here, we consider the case of three remote performers of CH that exchange over the network minimal information, as a string of probability amplitudes of performing specific rotations. The state of possible rotations are modeled as quantum states, and the actual decided moves as results of a quantum measurement. We propose a quantum circuit to help maximize the musical variety that can be obtained by three remote CH performers.
Quantum computing is a form of unconventional computation utilizing quantum effects as a fundamental part of its calculations. It has already been used in practical signal encryption in the 2010 Soccer World Cup, and there is competition amongst many governments to build more powerful and practical quantum computers. Although quantum computing is the most widespread and invested in form of unconventional computation, there have been no implementations of artistic systems with live hardware quantum computers. Furthermore there is a vast gap between public understanding of classical digital computing and of quantum computing. Q-Muse is a quantum computer music system design for a specific performance. The Entangled Orchestra is a performance for Orchestra, Electronics and Live Internet-Connected Photonic Quantum Computer. There are many types of quantum computation hardware implementations including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Trapped Ions, and Optical Computing. Q-Muse incorporates the third of these - a system that utilizes wave guides, phase-shifters and beam splitters to compute with entangled photons. The processor is located at University of Bristol in the UK is accessed over the cloud. It can implement a Controlled NOT gate (CNOT) - an essential component in the construction of quantum processors. The CNOT gate is part of a two gate set that can be used to build any type of quantum computing process. The resulting musical performance will provide not only a representation for the quantum processes in the chip, but a proof-of-concept for using hardware quantum computing processors in the computer-aided arts.