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Multiphoton dynamics in tight-binding lattices: From fundamental physics to applied quantum photonics (Conference Presentation)

Kurt Busch, Armando Pérez-Leija, Konrad Tschernig

Published Aug 23, 2020• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Indistinguishable and/or entangled photons propagating in waveguide arrays (WAs) represent a promising platform whose utility ranges from research on fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics all the way to applications in quantum sensing and quantum information processing. Quantum simulators of decoherence reveal that while decoherence processes inevitably destroy single-particle coherence and any form of multiparticle entanglement, quantum correlations based on particle indistinguishability do endure. Further, by judiciously combining multi-photon states with the idea of synthetic dimensions in WAs yields the notion of a synthetic atom and in turn this provides entirely novel perspectives on the dynamics of such multi-photon states. Similarly, simple beam splitters fed with indistinguishable photons, can be used to perform discrete fractional Fourier transforms or can be tuned to realize exceptional points of any order. The latter setup facilitates efficient quantum-enhanced sensors.

DOI
10.1117/12.2569251

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Indistinguishable and/or entangled photons propagating in waveguide arrays (WAs) represent a promising platform whose utility ranges from research on fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics all the way to applications in quantum sensing and quantum information processing. Quantum simulators of decoherence reveal that while decoherence processes inevitably destroy single-particle coherence and any form of multiparticle entanglement, quantum correlations based on particle indistinguishability do endure. Further, by judiciously combining multi-photon states with the idea of synthetic dimensions in WAs yields the notion of a synthetic atom and in turn this provides entirely novel perspectives on the dynamics of such multi-photon states. Similarly, simple beam splitters fed with indistinguishable photons, can be used to perform discrete fractional Fourier transforms or can be tuned to realize exceptional points of any order. The latter setup facilitates efficient quantum-enhanced sensors.
In recent years, quantum walks have been proposed as promising resources for the simulation of physical quantum systems. In fact it is widely adopted to simulate quantum dynamics. Up to now single particle quantum walks have been experimentally demonstrated by different approaches, while only few experiments involving many-particle quantum walks have been realized. Here we simulate the 2-particle dynamics on a discrete time quantum walk, built on an array of integrated waveguide beam splitters. The polarization independence of the quantum walk circuit allowed us to exploit the polarization entanglement to encode the symmetry of the two-photon wavefunction, thus the bunching-antibunching behavior of non interacting bosons and fermions has been simulated. We have also characterized the possible distinguishability and decoherence effects arising in such a structure. This study is necessary in view of the realization of a quantum simulator based on an integrated optical array built on a large number of beam splitters.
We report on our latest findings on photonic Quantum Walks (QW) of entangled particles in several quantum transport regimes as for instance in photonic Bloch lattices or disordered lattices. Furthermore, the discrete fractional Fourier transform of quantum states is presented in the context of QWs. The propagation of a classical single walker on a random graph is an important field in statistics and can be applied on many domains in nature reaching from a foraging animals over Brownian molecular motion towards the evolution of lead changes in competitive team sports. Its quantum mechanical counterpart, the Quantum Walk (QW), features genuine quantum objects to walk on a random graph and hence, leading to non-classical quantum interference, in particular when considering two or more walkers. Their great potential lies i.a. in their ability to exponentially speed up a multitude of algorithms, as for instance the data bank search algorithm from L. Grover. In this regard, photonic lattices of evanescently coupled waveguides represent an ideal platform to study QW dynamics, since they feature advantages in stability, robustness and miniaturization. Our waveguide lattices were fabricated by means the direct laser inscription technique. In doing so, three dimensional waveguide geometries are realizable, enabling the implementation of various QW graphs. Along these lines, we study QWs of entangled photon pairs in disordered lattices. There we observe Anderson co-localization, meaning that neither the individual photons nor the pair localizes, rather their distance does. It turns out that both photons tend to bunch as they will be found together in the same lattice site, implying that their original correlation remains while performing a QW in a disordered lattice. Further, we investigate QWs of non-local two-photon EPR-states in Bloch-lattices. The experimental results reveal the strong dependence of the correlation output statistics (bosonic-, anyonicor fermionic-like) on the input states' symmetry. Finally, the discrete fractional Fourier transform of quantum states is realized through a discrete QW lattice. The results demonstrate the enormous potential of waveguide lattices in the field of quantum photonics and give rise to further investigations like the Fourier suppression law.
Quantum simulators are getting to the level of real devices, constituted by a quantum system which can be controlled in its preparation, evolution and measurement and whose dynamics can implement that of the target quantum system we want to simulate. In this context, photonics quantum technologies are expected to play an instrumental role in the realization of controlled quantum systems capable, in their evolution, to simulate a given complex system. I will present some of the main results obtained in this field in our laboratory by using integrated waveguide optical circuits that represent the hardware of a quantum simulator. These systems are constituted by interferometer arrays of beam splitters and phase shifters fabricated on single integrated platforms by femtosecond laser writing technique and have the potential of speeding-up the evolution from lab systems to the next generation of quantum optical devices for real-world applications. Using the mobility of photons we are able to create arbitrary interconnections within these systems and to mimic the main features of quantum phenomena of increasing complexity.
We demonstrate that when a waveguide beam splitter (BS) is excited by N indistinguishable photons, the arising multiphoton states evolve in a way as if they were coupled to each other with coupling strengths that are identical to the ones exhibited by a discrete fractional Fourier system. Based on the properties of the fractional Fourier transform, we then derive a multiphoton suppression law for 50/50 BSs, thereby generalizing the Hong–Ou–Mandel effect. Furthermore, we examine the possibility of performing simultaneous multiphoton quantum random walks by using a single waveguide BS in combination with photon-number-resolving detectors. We anticipate that the multiphoton lattice-like structures unveiled in this work will be useful to identify new effects and applications of high-dimensional multiphoton states.