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Boundary and defect CFT: Open problems and applications

Matthew Buican, Natan Andrei, Agnese Bissi, John Cardy, Patrick Dorey, Nadav Drukker, Johanna Erdmenger B, Daniel Harry Friedan, Dmitri V. Fursaev, Anatoly Konechny, Charlotte Kristjansen, Isao Makabe, Nakayama, Y, Andy O’Bannon, Robert Parini, Brandon Robinson, Shinsei Ryu, Cornelius Schmidt-Colinet, Volker Schomerus, Christoph Schweigert B, G.M.T. Watts

Published Aug 20, 2020• 80 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

A review of Boundary and defect conformal field theory: open problems and applications, following a workshop held at Chicheley Hall, Buckinghamshire, UK, 7-8 Sept. 2017. We attempt to provide a broad, bird's-eye view of the latest progress in boundary and defect conformal field theory in various sub-fields of theoretical physics, including the renormalization group, integrability, conformal bootstrap, topological field theory, supersymmetry, holographic duality, and more. We also discuss open questions and promising research directions in each of these sub-fields, and combinations thereof.

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Boundary and defect CFT: open problems and applications

Natan Andrei, Agnese Bissi, Matthew Buican +18 more

Abstract A review of Boundary and defect conformal field theory: open problems and applications, following a workshop held at Chicheley Hall, Buckinghamshire, UK, 7–8 Sept. 2017. We attempt to provide a broad, bird’s-eye view of the latest progress in boundary and defect conformal field theory in various sub-fields of theoretical physics, including the renormalization group, integrability, conformal bootstrap, topological field theory, supersymmetry, holographic duality, and more. We also discuss open questions and promising research directions in each of these sub-fields, and combinations thereof.

arXiv:1810.05697•Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical•Aug 20, 2020•8 citations

Numerical Bootstrap Program for Boundary Conformal Field Theories

Bharathkumar Radhakrishnan

This thesis explores the application of numerical bootstrap techniques to two-point functions of bulk insertions in the presence of a boundary in two-dimensional conformal field theories. The first part of this thesis is devoted to presenting a comprehensive introduction to essential concepts in the numerical bootstrap of two-dimensional CFTs. Namely, an extensive introduction to the basics of conformal field theories (CFTs), their properties arising from the algebraic structure of conformal transformations, consitency conditions on the observables in a CFT, as well as the effects of the presence of defects in two-dimensional CFTs, is given. This is followed by a quick recount of the numerical techniques employed in the literature to solve for the aforementioned consistency conditions. These chapters form an overview of the seminal works that set the backdrop of the contributions made in the second part of the thesis. In the contributions of the thesis, we discuss the progress made in the investigations in (Meineri and Radhakrishnan 2025) where two-point functions in BCFTs are bootstrapped by treating them as a part of a larger system of consistency conditions involving the partition function on an annulus, the two-point function in the presence of a boundary, and four-point functions on the infinite plane. This perspective of treating the two-point function as a part of a larger system makes accessible parts of the BCFT data that have so-far remained inaccessible, and we present results on the boundary gap in the two-point function, and improvements in existing numerical bounds on the boundary entropy.

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Topological defects in conformal field theories and their lattice realizations

Madhav Sinha

Topological defects in two-dimensional conformal field theories (CFTs) are canonical examples of generalized symmetries in quantum field theories. They not only encode key features of the underlying theory, but their study has also enhanced our understanding of renormalization group (RG) flows in theories that contain them. Lattice models exist which discretize the states, energy-momentum tensor, and primary fields of many 2D CFTs, raising the natural question of whether topological defects can be similarly discretized. In this thesis, we demonstrate that in many cases all topological defects of minimal model CFTs can be discretized, enabling analytical and ab-initio numerical computations of their properties. In some of these constructions, we make essential use of the integrable structure of the underlying lattice models. The lattice realization of these operators also permits the study of defect RG flows between CFTs with different topological defects inserted. These topological defects and defect RG flows are realized on the lattice not only for Hermitian but also for non-Hermitian lattice Hamiltonians. Studying topological defects in minimal model CFTs on the lattice has also opened the door to a deeper understanding of topological defects in CFTs where they remain poorly understood.

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Recent progress in statistical mechanics and quantum field theory : Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southern California, 16-21 May 1994

Peter Bouwknegt

The conference brought together leading researchers at the interface between statistical mechanics and quantum field theory, which is, and has been, a very rich, dynamic and useful area of theoretical physics. The following topics that are of very active and current interest were covered: the study of renormalization group flows between field theories using the methods of quantum integrability, S-matrix theory and the thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz; impurity problems approached both from the point of view of conformal field theory and quantum integrability; the Kondo effect and quantum wires; solvable models with 1/r2 interactions (Haldane-Shastri models); Yangian symmetries in 1/r2 models and in conformal field theories; correlation functions in integrable 1+1 field theories; integrability in three dimensions; conformal invariance and the quantum hall effect; supersymmetry in statistical mechanics; and relations to two-dimensional Yang-Mills and QCD.

WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks•Jan 1, 1995•0 citations

Boundary Conformal Field Theory

John Cardy

Boundary conformal field theory (BCFT) is simply the study of conformal field theory (CFT) in domains with a boundary. It gains its significance because, in some ways, it is mathematically simpler: the algebraic and geometric structures of CFT appear in a more straightforward manner; and because it has important applications: in string theory in the physics of open strings and D-branes, and in condensed matter physics in boundary critical behavior and quantum impurity models. In this article, however, I describe the basic ideas from the point of view of quantum field theory, without regard to particular applications nor to any deeper mathematical formulations.

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Young Researchers School 2024 Maynooth: lectures on CFT, BCFT and DCFT

Christian Northe

Abstract These notes were presented at the Young Researchers School (YRS) in Maynooth in April 2024 and provide an introduction to conformal field theory (CFT), boundary CFT and Defect CFT. This class is mostly self-contained and includes exercises with solutions. The first part of these notes is concerned with the basics of CFT, and was taught by the author during the pre-school for the YRS 2024. Here the aim is to convey the notion of conformal families, their fusion and the construction of partition functions. The second part of these notes is dedicated to boundaries and defects in CFT and was presented by the author at the main school. As far as boundaries are concerned, emphasis is placed on boundary operators and their state spaces, as well as the boundary state formalism with the Cardy constraint. Topological defects are discussed in analogy, i.e. defect state spaces and the relevant consistency constraint are derived. Verlinde lines are constructed as their simplest solution and their properties are inspected.

arXiv:2411.03381•Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical•Dec 19, 2024•3 citations
A review of Boundary and defect conformal field theory: open problems and applications, following a workshop held at Chicheley Hall, Buckinghamshire, UK, 7-8 Sept. 2017. We attempt to provide a broad, bird's-eye view of the latest progress in boundary and defect conformal field theory in various sub-fields of theoretical physics, including the renormalization group, integrability, conformal bootstrap, topological field theory, supersymmetry, holographic duality, and more. We also discuss open questions and promising research directions in each of these sub-fields, and combinations thereof.
Abstract A review of Boundary and defect conformal field theory: open problems and applications, following a workshop held at Chicheley Hall, Buckinghamshire, UK, 7–8 Sept. 2017. We attempt to provide a broad, bird’s-eye view of the latest progress in boundary and defect conformal field theory in various sub-fields of theoretical physics, including the renormalization group, integrability, conformal bootstrap, topological field theory, supersymmetry, holographic duality, and more. We also discuss open questions and promising research directions in each of these sub-fields, and combinations thereof.
This thesis explores the application of numerical bootstrap techniques to two-point functions of bulk insertions in the presence of a boundary in two-dimensional conformal field theories. The first part of this thesis is devoted to presenting a comprehensive introduction to essential concepts in the numerical bootstrap of two-dimensional CFTs. Namely, an extensive introduction to the basics of conformal field theories (CFTs), their properties arising from the algebraic structure of conformal transformations, consitency conditions on the observables in a CFT, as well as the effects of the presence of defects in two-dimensional CFTs, is given. This is followed by a quick recount of the numerical techniques employed in the literature to solve for the aforementioned consistency conditions. These chapters form an overview of the seminal works that set the backdrop of the contributions made in the second part of the thesis. In the contributions of the thesis, we discuss the progress made in the investigations in (Meineri and Radhakrishnan 2025) where two-point functions in BCFTs are bootstrapped by treating them as a part of a larger system of consistency conditions involving the partition function on an annulus, the two-point function in the presence of a boundary, and four-point functions on the infinite plane. This perspective of treating the two-point function as a part of a larger system makes accessible parts of the BCFT data that have so-far remained inaccessible, and we present results on the boundary gap in the two-point function, and improvements in existing numerical bounds on the boundary entropy.
Topological defects in two-dimensional conformal field theories (CFTs) are canonical examples of generalized symmetries in quantum field theories. They not only encode key features of the underlying theory, but their study has also enhanced our understanding of renormalization group (RG) flows in theories that contain them. Lattice models exist which discretize the states, energy-momentum tensor, and primary fields of many 2D CFTs, raising the natural question of whether topological defects can be similarly discretized. In this thesis, we demonstrate that in many cases all topological defects of minimal model CFTs can be discretized, enabling analytical and ab-initio numerical computations of their properties. In some of these constructions, we make essential use of the integrable structure of the underlying lattice models. The lattice realization of these operators also permits the study of defect RG flows between CFTs with different topological defects inserted. These topological defects and defect RG flows are realized on the lattice not only for Hermitian but also for non-Hermitian lattice Hamiltonians. Studying topological defects in minimal model CFTs on the lattice has also opened the door to a deeper understanding of topological defects in CFTs where they remain poorly understood.
The conference brought together leading researchers at the interface between statistical mechanics and quantum field theory, which is, and has been, a very rich, dynamic and useful area of theoretical physics. The following topics that are of very active and current interest were covered: the study of renormalization group flows between field theories using the methods of quantum integrability, S-matrix theory and the thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz; impurity problems approached both from the point of view of conformal field theory and quantum integrability; the Kondo effect and quantum wires; solvable models with 1/r2 interactions (Haldane-Shastri models); Yangian symmetries in 1/r2 models and in conformal field theories; correlation functions in integrable 1+1 field theories; integrability in three dimensions; conformal invariance and the quantum hall effect; supersymmetry in statistical mechanics; and relations to two-dimensional Yang-Mills and QCD.
Boundary conformal field theory (BCFT) is simply the study of conformal field theory (CFT) in domains with a boundary. It gains its significance because, in some ways, it is mathematically simpler: the algebraic and geometric structures of CFT appear in a more straightforward manner; and because it has important applications: in string theory in the physics of open strings and D-branes, and in condensed matter physics in boundary critical behavior and quantum impurity models. In this article, however, I describe the basic ideas from the point of view of quantum field theory, without regard to particular applications nor to any deeper mathematical formulations.
Abstract These notes were presented at the Young Researchers School (YRS) in Maynooth in April 2024 and provide an introduction to conformal field theory (CFT), boundary CFT and Defect CFT. This class is mostly self-contained and includes exercises with solutions. The first part of these notes is concerned with the basics of CFT, and was taught by the author during the pre-school for the YRS 2024. Here the aim is to convey the notion of conformal families, their fusion and the construction of partition functions. The second part of these notes is dedicated to boundaries and defects in CFT and was presented by the author at the main school. As far as boundaries are concerned, emphasis is placed on boundary operators and their state spaces, as well as the boundary state formalism with the Cardy constraint. Topological defects are discussed in analogy, i.e. defect state spaces and the relevant consistency constraint are derived. Verlinde lines are constructed as their simplest solution and their properties are inspected.