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The Japan Society of Applied Physics

Multi-dimensional spatial entanglement for secure communications using the conventional optical fiber network

Adam Vallés, Isaac M. Nape, Jun Liu, Qianke Wang, Jian Wang, Andrew Forbes, Takashige Omatsu

Published Jan 28, 2020• 0 citations
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The global quantum network requires the distribution of entangled states over long distances, with significant advances already demonstrated using polarization, reaching approximately 1200 km in free space and 100 km in optical fiber. While Hilbert spaces with higher dimensionality, e.g., spatial modes of light, allows higher information capacity per photon, such spatial mode entanglement transport requires custom multimode fiber and is limited by decoherence induced mode coupling. Here we circumvent this by transporting multi-dimensional spatial entangled states down conventional single-mode fiber (SMF). We achieve this by entangling the spin-orbit degrees of freedom of a bi-photon pair, passing the polarization (spin) photon down the SMF while accessing multiple orbital angular momentum (orbital) sub-spaces with the other, thereby realizing multi-dimensional spatial entanglement transport. We show high fidelity hybrid entanglement preservation down 250 m of SMF across multiple 2 x 2 dimensions, which we confirm by quantum state tomography and Bell violation measures. This work offers an alternative approach to spatial mode entanglement transport that facilitates deployment in legacy networks across conventional fiber optic links.
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Spatial-division multiplexing is a key technology for increasing the capacity of classical optical fiber networks. It also provides additional degrees of freedom for photon entanglement and transmission in quantum communication networks. This paper describes steps toward generating a four-dimensional, spatially-entangled state and its distribution over multi-km-long four-core fibers. We generate four mutually coherent beams using a spatial light modulator and investigate their simultaneous coupling into a four-core fiber. We verify the stability of both the relative phase and polarization between the cores over10 km\mathbf{1 0 ~ k m}10 kmof a four-core fiber. We also characterize the polarization mode dispersion of the fiber and find its principal states of polarization to mitigate the effects of random polarization-dependent delay across the fiber cores.