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Current Science

Plurality of Wave–Particle Duality

Varun S Bhatta

Published May 10, 2020• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Wave-particle duality has been one of the guiding concepts in the development of modern physics.Even though duality has been extensively studied, the concept possessing multiple definitions has not received due attention.The article, to begin with, establishes the plurality associated with duality by highlighting the presence of multiple interpretations in the history of quantum mechanics and also demonstrates how prominent scientific pedagogic texts, drawing from these different threads of development, differ in the depiction of duality.This plurality has not been recognized for several reasons.Among these, the article criticizes the simplistic historical depiction of duality by showing how the narration of this concept undergoing linear development glosses over crucial historical details.Following that, the nature of the concerned plurality is analysed by comparing it with other kinds of plurality found in science.The article concludes by emphasising the relevance of this discussion for the current scientific research and for the pedagogy of quantum mechanics.

DOI
10.18520/cs/v118/i9/1365-1374

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Wave-particle duality has been one of the guiding concepts in the development of modern physics.Even though duality has been extensively studied, the concept possessing multiple definitions has not received due attention.The article, to begin with, establishes the plurality associated with duality by highlighting the presence of multiple interpretations in the history of quantum mechanics and also demonstrates how prominent scientific pedagogic texts, drawing from these different threads of development, differ in the depiction of duality.This plurality has not been recognized for several reasons.Among these, the article criticizes the simplistic historical depiction of duality by showing how the narration of this concept undergoing linear development glosses over crucial historical details.Following that, the nature of the concerned plurality is analysed by comparing it with other kinds of plurality found in science.The article concludes by emphasising the relevance of this discussion for the current scientific research and for the pedagogy of quantum mechanics.
As has become evident from historical studies, science does not proceed in the coherent and predictable way that basic science texts would have us believe. I will argue that an excellent counter-example is an episode from the historical development of quantum mechanics in which the incompatibility of the particle and the wave representations of the electron and light were destined to be encompassed by two mathematically equivalent, but conceptually quite different theories. I shall argue that the appearance of two such different, yet equivalent, quantum theories was not surprising at all and I claim even predictable. As Einstein himself wrote in 1909: ‘It is my opinion that the next phase in the development of theoretical physics will bring us a theory of light that can be interpreted as a kind of fusion of the wave and the [particle] theory.’ Certainly, the interpretative content of Werner Heisenberg's and Erwin Schrödinger's theories could not have been more different. By mid-1926, the theoretical foundations had been laid for a scientific and emotional battleground between the particle and the wave. I suggest that an important element in the debate was not the incompatibility itself but actually coming to terms with ambiguity in science. For, in the end, ambiguous and vague interpretations of the same phenomena became part of science, where science was supposed to give a clear and unambiguous description of nature.
Abstract The double-slit experiment is a classic experiment that presents the clearest manifestation of wave-particle duality, one of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. The double-slit experiment still remains the phenomenon that demonstrates wave-particle duality at the most fundamental level. This phenomenon quantitatively and conceptually demonstrates that microscopic objects can behave like both waves and particles at the same time. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the physical nature of dualism, the mechanism of formation of the interference pattern, and the impact of the act of observation on the dynamics of quantum systems. The need for a new perspective on this topic is due to the fact that the current uncertainty in the interpretation of quantum reality has not yet been completely eliminated, and the boundaries between classical and quantum behavior in microscopic objects are still being explored. The results presented here restructure the deep mechanisms of the interference picture, more clearly frame the relationship between observation and wavefunction collapse, and provide a quantum. Since the article attempts to provide a complete answer to the mechanism of the formation of wave-particle duality, extensive space is given to sections such as historical development, theoretical models, modern research, etc. New approaches to this phenomenon have been developed using modern research and string theory. As a result, a new mathematical expression has been proposed that explains the reasons for the initial emergence of wave-particle duality, and is also important for string theory. The article explains the measurement problem with a more effective physical structure and ontological model.
This thesis is a study about the insights and challenges provided by the concept of wave- particle duality for the understanding of physical entities. I specifically analyse the duality claim of photons and the related interference phenomena. To begin, I explore several notions of duality found in mathematics and various branches of science and present the similarities and differences amidst them. After this, with regard to wave-particle duality of radiation, I highlight the plurality associated with this concept based on a few important interpretations of duality. I then focus on the wave-particle duality claim about photons articulated in the context of two experiments: the anti-correlation experiment and photons’ behaviour in the Mach-Zehnder interferometer experiment. I argue that this claim can neither be substantiated through the complementarity principle nor by claiming that photons behave analogously to classical waves and particles. This detailed examination of the experiments brings to the forefront yet another confusion about photons that I subsequently evaluate. I discuss the controversy concerning the interpretation of the interference phenomenon of photons and identify the sources of this confusion. Through these arguments and conclusions drawn in this thesis, I demonstrate how philosophical analysis is crucial for the understanding of scientific entities.
Wave-particle duality is often considered as the modern answer to the problem of the nature of light after more than 2000 years of questioning. It is also the answer given by quantum physics concerning the nature of matter particles and any other radiations. The main objective of this work is to analyze the relations that are existing between this concept of wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle and the concepts of phase space and microstates considered in statistical mechanics. It is mainly highlighted that while the concepts of phase space and microstates were already introduced in classical physics before the discovery of the wave-particle duality, a correct understanding of them cannot be achieved without the use of the concept of quantum phase space and phase space representation of quantum mechanics which are directly related to the uncertainty principle. The possibility of using these concepts of quantum phase space and phase space representations of quantum mechanics to help in a deeper description of the wave-particle duality and in the study of some current issues related to foundational problems of quantum mechanics like quantum decoherence and the measurement problem is also discussed.
The wave-particle duality mystery, present in the language of quantum physics since its historical origins 100 years ago, has no real correspondence with the actual behaviour of nature when it is observed. The dilemma of the so-called “single particle interference” experiments is not between particles versus waves: the interference in quantum physics is between probability amplitudes for different untagged alternatives in a definite transition between states. This article shows that the same conceptual basis is involved in a plethora of “two-state systems” as a consequence of the linear superposition principle, no matter whether the observables refer to either spatial or internal properties. Several examples, from the Young double-slit interference experiments to neutrino flavour oscillation experiments, are discussed in a common interpretation language.
Abstract Scientific terms and concepts sometimes evolve so that their semantic meanings are changing, to better serve the purposes of their use in scientific practices. Acknowledging the importance of such a process provides a viewpoint on the role of wave-particle duality (WPD) in modern quantum optics and how it is connected to its historical role. The transformation of WPD into a quantitative and operationalised concept is approached here from the viewpoint of the role of WPD as a linguistic practice based on natural language in communicating about experiments and their results and designs. The perspective adopted is based on semantic change and variation of WPD as driven by its role as natural language expression in pursuing the epistemic and the pragmatic goals of the inquiry. This provides a perspective that connects the historical and contemporary roles of WPD through its pragmatic linguistic role. This perspective shifts the focus from philosophical realism-driven questions about WPD as related to the nature or behaviour of photons to questions of how that concept is used in practices of quantum optics research, for what purposes, and with what benefits.