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Reduction of spatial quantum noise and measurement of small shifts in optics

Nicolas Treps, Agnès Maître, Claude Fabre, Ulrik L. Andersen, B. C. Buchler, Ping Koy Lam, Hans‐A. Bachor

Published Jan 1, 2002• 0 citations
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We demonstrate the possibility of surpassing the quantum noise limit for simultaneous multi-axis spatial displacement measurements that have zero mean values. The requisite resources for these measurements are squeezed light beams with exotic transverse mode profiles. We show that, in principle, lossless combination of these modes can be achieved using the non-degenerate Gouy phase shift of optical resonators. When the combined squeezed beams are measured with quadrant detectors, we experimentally demonstrate a simultaneous reduction in the transverse x - and y -displacement fluctuations of 2.2 and 3.1 dB below the quantum noise limit.
We study the spatial periodicity effects on the differential light shift of noninteracting atoms in an optical lattice. Through the Rabi-spectrum approach, when the wavelength of the optical lattice is not magic, a reduction to the differential light shift is expected. The reduction results from the Bloch bands induced by the quantized motion in the periodic potential. Taking the microwave transition of rubidium atoms as an example, this reduction at some wavelengths can reach one order of magnitude, compared to the data without considering the spatial profile of the optical lattice. When the atomic temperature is considered, the differential light shift increases or decreases with temperature, depending on the wavelength of the lattice. Our results should be beneficial for microwave optical lattice clock and precision measurements.
The quantum statistics of a laser result in noise when measurements of the beam are made. This noise sets a classical limit beyond which a laser cannot be used with increasing sensitivity. This quantum noise limit is imposed on many of the uses of lasers currently, especially in power limited devices such as optical communications. The statistics of the laser photon field can be modified to produce a non-classical state resulting in lower noise than the quantum noise limit when detected appropriately. This state, called a squeezed state, has been measured previously from a cavity enhanced optical parametric oscillator (OPO) only at frequency sidebands within the linewidth of the cavity. ¶ This thesis reports measurements of squeezing at microwave frequency sidebands on an optical beam produced by an optical parametric oscillator. This is the first reported measurement of squeezing at frequency sidebands at higher longitudinal modes of the cavity from an OPO. Noise reduction below the quantum noise limit is measured at sideband frequencies of 5 MHz, 1.7 GHz, 3.4 GHz and 5.1 GHz, corresponding to the zeroth, first, second and third longitudinal modes from the squeezed beam. These results are the highest frequency sideband measurements of squeezing to date. In addition to measuring squeezing at different longitudinal modes for the fundamental Gaussian spatial mode, non-classical noise reduction is measured at the same frequencies for a squeezed higher order spatial mode, TEM10. ¶ A single mode theoretical model of the OPO is presented, based on the work of ref. [1]. Computer simulations of the squeezing predicted by this model are developed and compared to the experimental results, showing excellent agreement between the different longitudinal modes for each of the two spatial modes measured.