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Some applications of quantum entanglement to cryptography

Wenqin Chen

Published Jan 1, 2020• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Quantum cryptography exploits the quantum mechanical principle that observation in general disturbs the system being observed. Of particular interest is the role played by entanglement, which doesn’t yet have a complete theory. In this thesis, we attempt to classify quantum entanglement and explore how the properties of quantum entanglement allow for applications in information transmission and quantum cryptography.

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Quantum cryptography exploits the quantum mechanical principle that observation in general disturbs the system being observed. Of particular interest is the role played by entanglement, which doesn’t yet have a complete theory. In this thesis, we attempt to classify quantum entanglement and explore how the properties of quantum entanglement allow for applications in information transmission and quantum cryptography.
Quantum cryptography is an advanced technology that applies the principles of quantum mechanics to provide secure communication networks. Quantum crypto differs from other forms of cryptographic security that rely on mathematical theory because this allows quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle and entanglement to enhance secure communication. Quantum cryptography has made significant progress recently and can effectively be used for networking system protection. Such advancement is the quantum key distribution protocol, where two parties generate the secret key to secure communication completely unshakable by any third party. One more advancement is the use of quantum teleportation, which allows transferring information between distant quantum systems without physically moving there. These developments have provided abundant opportunities for applications of quantum cryptography to secure networking systems. It helps maintain the secure transmission of sensitive information online or protects financial transactions and government and military communications. Quantum cryptography can also be used for secure authentication and access control, useful in cross-industry applications. Quantum cryptography is the best technology for implementing secure networking systems; thanks to its crypt-like harmony, it can be integrated into the most insecure networks with very rare error rates.
Quantum entanglement, a cornerstone of quantum mechanics, describes a phenomenon where particles become interlinked in such a way that the state of one instantly influences the state of the other, regardless of distance. This intriguing property has profound implications for secure communication systems, particularly in the realm of quantum cryptography. This paper explores the foundational principles of quantum entanglement and delves into its applications in secure communication, focusing on quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum networks. QKD, through protocols like BB84 and Ekert91, ensures unbreakable security by exploiting the principles of quantum mechanics, making any eavesdropping attempt detectable. Quantum networks, leveraging entanglement swapping and quantum repeaters, aim to create long-distance secure communication channels and quantum internet infrastructure. Despite current technological and scalability challenges, ongoing advancements in quantum technology promise to overcome these hurdles, heralding a new era of secure and reliable communication systems.
Although the concept of quantum entanglement has been known for about seventy years, it only recently quit the realms of meta-theoretical discussions when it was discovered how entanglement can be exploited to compute and communicate with an unprecedented power. The primary motivation of the work presented in this thesis has been to contribute to the big e#ort that has been done during the last decade to understand and quantify quantum entanglement. We have developed advanced techniques of linear and multilinear algebra to investigate and classify entangled pure and mixed quantum states, and discussed some novel applications in the field of quantum information theory. The results presented in this thesis are mainly of interest from a fundamental point a view: entanglement is the characteristic trait of quantum mechanics, the one that enforces its entire departure from classical lines of thought [186]. It is however a real privilege that fundamental research in quantum information theory bears the tools of tomorrow's electrical engineers: the ongoing miniaturization of electronic components will soon reach a scale where quantum mechanical e#ects play a major role.
Quantum entanglement stands as one of the most intriguing phenomena in quantum mechanics, defying classical intuition and paving the way for revolutionary advancements in information processing. the fundamentals of quantum entanglement and explores its applications in quantum information processing. Beginning with a concise overview of entanglement theory, we delve into various protocols and techniques that leverage entangled states to perform tasks such as quantum teleportation, superdense coding, and quantum cryptography. Furthermore, we discuss recent developments in the field, including entanglement-based quantum key distribution schemes and entanglement swapping protocols. Through a comprehensive examination of both theoretical principles and experimental implementations, this paper elucidates the pivotal role of quantum entanglement in shaping the landscape of quantum information processing, with implications for secure communication, computational speedup, and future quantum technologies.
Quantum cryptography uses physics to develop a cryptosystem completely secure against being compromised, without the sender or the receiver of messages being known. The word quantum itself refers to the most fundamental behavior of the smallest particles of matter and energy. Quantum cryptography is different from traditional cryptographic systems in that it relies more on physics, rather than mathematics, as a key aspect of its security model. Essentially, quantum cryptography is based on the usage of individual particles/waves of light (photon) and their intrinsic quantum properties to develop an unbreakable cryptosystem (because it is impossible to measure the quantum state of any system without disturbing that system). Regular, non-quantum encryption can work in a variety of ways but generally a message is scrambled and can only be unscrambled using a secret key. The trick is to make sure that whomever you’re trying to hide your communication from doesn’t get their hands on your secret key.
Quantum mechanics values highly its sovereignty and does not allow extraneous intrusions. In quantum mechanics processing we can only observe the input state and the output state. Attempts to intrude, or to ‘peek in between,’ are always successfully detected. This is the essence behind quantum cryptography and the principle of what provides robust security to quantum communications in general. Here we focus on quantum entanglement based cryptography. This methodology puts to work Bell's theorem to verify that no external intrusion has occurred. We also describe a more stringent all-quantum protocol entirely based on a measurements strategy. The chapter concludes with a description of the N -slit interferometric communications approach that reinforces understanding of the concepts that bring unprecedented security to quantum communications.