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Synthesis lectures on computer architecture

Quantum Computer Systems: Research for Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Computers

Yongshan Ding, Frederic T. Chong

Published Jun 16, 2020• 28 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.2200/s01014ed1v01y202005cac051

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Noisy quantum computers can in principle perform reliable quantum computations, but truly scalable systems require noise levels lower than are presently achieved. Still, moderate-complexity computations can be performed. This review discusses what is possible in this ``noisy intermediate scale'' quantum (NISQ) era. Topic areas include the simulation of many-body physics and chemistry, combinatorial optimization, and machine learning. It is evident that the NISQ era has produced new paradigms for programming that will be built upon as quantum computers are further perfected.
One of the main drivers for growing the field of quantum computation has been the prospect of creating a quantum computer capable of carrying out Shor's algorithm for huge numbers.Nonetheless, it is critical to recognise that quantum computers will probably only significantly speed up a small subset of issues if one wants to acquire a more comprehensive perspective on them.Building a system that can accommodate a lot of qubits while preserving stability and coherence is one of the biggest problems in quantum computing.Due to their extreme sensitivity to noise and mistakes, quantum systems are particularly susceptible to computing errors.Building a usable quantum computer requires error mitigation and correction, but the techniques for doing this are still in the early phases of research.In quantum computing, all processes and schemes must be reversible in accordance with the law of unitary development.The circuit model is taken into account in the NISQ framework, but there is also the one-way or measurement-based quantum computation approach, which is not reversible but is demonstrated to be comparable to the circuit model.Noisy suggests that the computing capacity of such quantum computers is constrained because of sufficiently high error and decoherence rates.While they are likely too huge to be replicated by traditional computers using brute force, Intermediate-Scale suggests that they are still too small to be mistake corrected, which also adds to the preceding argument about how noisy they are.P stands for the usage of perfect qubits with perfect quantum gates and no decoherence.The capability to control and protect our qubits in a quantum computer to the degree necessary to run such algorithms is commonly described as fault-tolerant quantum computation.This review paper examines the numerous quantum computing strategies, such as Noisy Intermediate Scale Computing (NISQ) , Perfect Intermediate Scale Computing (PISQ), and Fault Tolerant Intermediate Scale Computing (FTISQ), as well as potential future lines of inquiry.