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ACS Photonics

Multiphoton Graph States from a Solid-State Single-Photon Source

Jinpeng Li, Jian Qin, Ang Chen, Z.-C. Duan, Ying Yu, Yong-Heng Huo, Sven Höfling, Chao‐Yang Lu, Kai Chen, Jian-Wei Pan

Published Jun 5, 2020• 44 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Photonic graph states are underlying resources for one-way optical quantum computation, quantum error correction, fundamental testing of quantum mechanics, and quantum communication networks. Most existing works, however, are based on the spontaneous parametric down-conversion sources that intrinsically suffer from probabilistic generation and double pair components. Here, we create two important classes of graph states, a polarization-encoded four-photon Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state and a linear cluster state, by actively demultiplexing a deterministic single-photon source from a semiconductor quantum dot embedded in a micropillar. A state fidelity of 0.790 ± 0.009 (0.763 ± 0.004) and a count rate of ∼13 Hz are observed for the four-photon GHZ (cluster) state. The results constitute a new route toward the multiphoton entanglement with deterministic single-photon sources.

DOI
10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00192

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Photonic graph states are underlying resources for one-way optical quantum computation, quantum error correction, fundamental testing of quantum mechanics, and quantum communication networks. Most existing works, however, are based on the spontaneous parametric down-conversion sources that intrinsically suffer from probabilistic generation and double pair components. Here, we create two important classes of graph states, a polarization-encoded four-photon Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state and a linear cluster state, by actively demultiplexing a deterministic single-photon source from a semiconductor quantum dot embedded in a micropillar. A state fidelity of 0.790 ± 0.009 (0.763 ± 0.004) and a count rate of ∼13 Hz are observed for the four-photon GHZ (cluster) state. The results constitute a new route toward the multiphoton entanglement with deterministic single-photon sources.
Abstract The central technological appeal of quantum science resides in exploiting quantum effects, such as entanglement, for a variety of applications, including computing, communication and sensing 1 . The overarching challenge in these fields is to address, control and protect systems of many qubits against decoherence 2 . Against this backdrop, optical photons, naturally robust and easy to manipulate, represent ideal qubit carriers. However, the most successful technique so far for creating photonic entanglement 3 is inherently probabilistic and, therefore, subject to severe scalability limitations. Here we report the implementation of a deterministic protocol 4–6 for the creation of photonic entanglement with a single memory atom in a cavity 7 . We interleave controlled single-photon emissions with tailored atomic qubit rotations to efficiently grow Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states 8 of up to 14 photons and linear cluster states 9 of up to 12 photons with a fidelity lower bounded by 76(6)% and 56(4)%, respectively. Thanks to a source-to-detection efficiency of 43.18(7)% per photon, we measure these large states about once every minute, which is orders of magnitude faster than in any previous experiment 3,10–13 . In the future, this rate could be increased even further, the scheme could be extended to two atoms in a cavity 14,15 or several sources could be quantum mechanically coupled 16 , to generate higher-dimensional cluster states 17 . Overcoming the limitations encountered by probabilistic schemes for photonic entanglement generation, our results may offer a way towards scalable measurement-based quantum computation 18,19 and communication 20,21 .
Deterministic sources of multiphoton entanglement are highly attractive for quantum information processing but are challenging to realize experimentally. In this Letter, we demonstrate a route toward a scaleable source of time-bin encoded Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger and linear cluster states from a solid-state quantum dot embedded in a nanophotonic crystal waveguide. By utilizing a self-stabilizing double-pass interferometer, we measure a spin-photon Bell state with (67.8±0.4)% fidelity and devise steps for significant further improvements. By employing strict resonant excitation, we demonstrate a photon indistinguishability of (95.7±0.8)%, which is conducive to fusion of multiple cluster states for scaling up the technology and producing more general graph states.
Single photons from a solid state source are deterministically routed into different output modes by a fully integrated active optical switch network. Using a state-of-the-art single photon source made of a single quantum dot in a micropillar cavity and an innovative integrated optical demultiplexer, this scheme is capable of creating manifold single photon states. Such states are a crucial resource for photonic quantum information applications including linear optics quantum computation and quantum communications. (Picture: Mirko Lobino, Ph.D. et al., article number 1600297, in this issue)
Deterministic sources of multi-photon entanglement are highly attractive for quantum information processing but are challenging to realize experimentally. In this paper, we demonstrate a route towards a scaleable source of time-bin encoded Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger and linear cluster states from a solid-state quantum dot embedded in a nanophotonic crystal waveguide. By utilizing a self-stabilizing double-pass interferometer, we measure a spin-photon Bell state with (67.8±0.4)%(67.8\pm0.4)\%(67.8±0.4)% fidelity and devise steps for significant further improvements. By employing strict resonant excitation, we demonstrate a photon indistinguishability of (95.7±0.8)%(95.7\pm0.8)\%(95.7±0.8)%, which is conducive to fusion of multiple cluster states for scaling up the technology and producing more general graph states.
We propose a complete architecture for deterministic generation of entangled multiphoton states. Our approach utilizes periodic driving of a quantum-dot emitter and an efficient light-matter interface enabled by a photonic crystal waveguide. We assess the quality of the photonic states produced from a real system by including all intrinsic experimental imperfections. Importantly, the protocol is robust against the nuclear spin bath dynamics due to a naturally built-in refocusing method reminiscent to spin echo. We demonstrate the feasibility of producing Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger and one-dimensional cluster states with fidelities and generation rates exceeding those achieved with conventional ``fusion'' methods in current state-of-the-art experiments. The proposed hardware constitutes a scalable and resource-efficient approach towards implementation of measurement-based quantum computing and quantum communication.
Photonic multi-qubit entanglement is key to optical quantum information processing, particularly universal quantum computing. Yet multi-photon sources suffer from low emission efficiency, making single-photon high-dimensional encoding an appealing alternative. Here we propose an explicit and resource-efficient high-dimensional encoding approach to achieve the target multi-qubit quantum state. The technically challenging preparation of multi-photon quantum states is replaced by single-photon operations involving high-dimensional expansion, routing, and multi-layered quantum measurement. Besides, each photon in the resource multi-photon quantum state can be used to encode multiple qubits in a distributed manner, and a larger entangled state will be constructed. We demonstrate this approach using programmable photonic integrated circuits, where multi-qubit graph states--including the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state and the cluster state--are generated and characterized. We additionally demonstrate the Grover search algorithm using the single-photon cluster state. Our findings unlock a novel route towards diverse entangled state generation with photons and advance large-scale and universal photonic quantum information processing.