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Quantum issues in optical communication

Robert S. Kennedy

Published Jan 1, 1973• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Various approaches to the problem of controlling quantum noise, the dominant noise in an optical communications system, are discussed. It is shown that, no matter which way the problem is approached, there always remain uncertainties. These uncertainties exist because, to date, only very few communication problems have been solved in their full quantum form.

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Various approaches to the problem of controlling quantum noise, the dominant noise in an optical communications system, are discussed. It is shown that, no matter which way the problem is approached, there always remain uncertainties. These uncertainties exist because, to date, only very few communication problems have been solved in their full quantum form.
In developing sensitive optical sensors, issues associated with optical crosstalk, dark count, and dark current persist. While designs have been created to mitigate the effects of these optical noises on the performance of the sensors, they are never fully addressed. This is mainly due to the highly probabilistic nature of the interaction of light and matter. This paper theoretically explores possible solutions that could lead to the significant reduction of these optical noises by presenting the problem in both the Markovian and Bayesian quantum feedback schemes and identifying the parameters that can be controlled and/or regulated. This paper then attempts to translate the quantum processes into realizable materials and/or systems suitable for fabrication or integration to existing system.
The advancement of optical atomic clocks in the past two decades has motivated many potential applications in navigation, communication, and science. Accurate optical clocks that outperform the current cesium time standard also trigger a discussion about a possible redefinition of the SI second. The 27Al+ quantum logic clocks developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) were the first to achieve the clock fractional frequency uncertainty below 10-17 in 2010. To date, a few research groups around the world have demonstrated optical clocks based on various atomic transitions with fractional frequency uncertainty in the 10-18 range. The accuracy of the previous 27Al+ clocks was limited by the second order Doppler (time dilation) shift and the blackbody shift. Since 2010, the third 27Al+ optical clock is being developed at NIST to achieve a higher accuracy. The frequency uncertainties dominant in the previous clocks are controlled and reduced in the current optical clock. The new design of the ion trap system has reduced significantly both the blackbody radiation shift uncertainty and the time dilation shift uncertainty due to micromotion, while the time dilation shift uncertainty due to the secular motion has been reduced by more than an order of magnitude by operating the optical clock near the three dimensional zero-point energy. Despite those previously dominant uncertainties, several other systematic effects are being evaluated and some other efforts are being made to achieve a total uncertainty towards 1.0 x 10-18. In this thesis, I will document the detail of the construction and evaluation of the current 27Al+ optical clock developed at NIST.
In a company, data security is very important. Data security and integrity issues must be considered to prevent information from falling into the hands of unauthorized persons. Therefore, a good mechanism is needed to secure data, which can be done through various cryptographic methods, which are generally divided into two categories: symmetric and asymmetric. Currently, the development of quantum computing shows extraordinary potential, especially in the field of cryptography. The phenomenon of quantum supremacy, where quantum computers can solve problems that cannot be solved by classical computers, is increasingly being felt. This raises uncertainty in the existing data security system, because various cryptographic algorithms and protocols are predicted to be quickly solved by sufficiently powerful quantum computers. To overcome this potential insecurity, the field of cryptography must adapt, one of which is through the concept of quantum key distribution which offers a new standard in secure communication. In symmetric key cryptography, a secure communication channel is required for key delivery, and the concept of quantum key distribution is a promising alternative to overcome this problem. This study aims to explore the implementation of quantum asymmetric cryptography in one-way data encryption, as well as assess its effectiveness in improving information security.