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Physical Review A

Enhanced absorption of weak ultrashort light pulses by a narrowband atomic medium

Alyson J. A. Carvalho, Raoni S. N. Moreira, José Ferraz, S. S. Vianna, L. H. Acioli, D. Felinto

Published May 15, 2020• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The storage of broadband single photons from a parametric-down-conversion source is a capability with the potential to foster significant development in the field of quantum information. A particular challenge to this problem, however, is the mismatch between the short-lived photon and the long-lived memories, which translates into quite different frequency bands for the two systems. Ultimately, this difficulty can be mapped into the problem of how a narrowband medium can efficiently absorb a broadband pulse of light. Here we present a detailed approach to this problem focusing on the absorption of photons at 800 nm, a common choice for parametric-down-conversion sources, by hot vapors of rubidium atoms. For this, we employ a stronger control field to drive a sequential two-photon transition on the atoms, which is intrinsically broadband, together with a weak signal field consisting of a femtosecond pulse of light. We describe then how to measure small absorptions of the signal pulse and how to improve this absorption through the various parameters of the problem. Our results are modeled by a perturbative theory suitable to our present weak-absorption regime. Finally, we provide a road map with different strategies to achieve larger absorptions.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.101.053426

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•Aug 20, 2012•0 citations
The storage of broadband single photons from a parametric-down-conversion source is a capability with the potential to foster significant development in the field of quantum information. A particular challenge to this problem, however, is the mismatch between the short-lived photon and the long-lived memories, which translates into quite different frequency bands for the two systems. Ultimately, this difficulty can be mapped into the problem of how a narrowband medium can efficiently absorb a broadband pulse of light. Here we present a detailed approach to this problem focusing on the absorption of photons at 800 nm, a common choice for parametric-down-conversion sources, by hot vapors of rubidium atoms. For this, we employ a stronger control field to drive a sequential two-photon transition on the atoms, which is intrinsically broadband, together with a weak signal field consisting of a femtosecond pulse of light. We describe then how to measure small absorptions of the signal pulse and how to improve this absorption through the various parameters of the problem. Our results are modeled by a perturbative theory suitable to our present weak-absorption regime. Finally, we provide a road map with different strategies to achieve larger absorptions.
By combining genetic algorithm and a spatial light modulator we theoretically analyse how to improve a two-photon cascade absorption in atomic ensembles, inspecting the impact of various configurations and parameters in the optimized phase mask. At low atomic densities, we compare the cases of sequential transitions with the two photons coming from the same pulse or from two different pulses. For the former, we predict an enhancement by a factor of 9.59.59.5, similar to what was previously reported in the literature [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 86}, 47 (2002)]. For the later, on the other hand, we obtain an enhancement factor of 262626 times. This absorption of two photons by different pulses is of particular interest for the storage of ultra-broadband single photons by atomic ensembles, in which case the second photon would come from a control pulse. We investigate this process as a function of the atomic density, demonstrating enhancements by factors up to 3 for the two-photon absorption after propagating through large optical depths. However, for the experimental conditions considered in the previous work by Carvalho {et al.} [Phys. Rev. A {\bf 101}, 053426 (2020)], in terms of control power and optical depths, we show that this enhancement in two-photon absorption would still result in just a modest increase of the absorption of a weak probe pulse.
By combining genetic algorithm and a spatial light modulator we demonstrate theoretically how to improve a two-photon cascade absorption in atomic ensembles using optimized phase masks. At low atomic densities, we compare the cases of sequential transitions with the two photons coming from the same pulse and from two different pulses. We achieved an enhancement by a factor of 9.4 ± 0.2, about 30% higher than previously reported. For the later, we obtained 20 ± 3 for the enhancement factor. This absorption of two photons by different pulses is of particular interest for the storage of ultra-broadband single photons by atomic ensembles, in which case the second photon would come from a control pulse. We investigate this process as a function of the atomic density, demonstrating still enhancements by factors on the order of 6 for the two-photon absorption after propagating through large optical depths, on the order of hundreds.
Optical quantum memories are important components in the long-distance quantum communication based on quantum repeater protocol. To outperform the direct transmission of light with quantum repeaters, it is crucial to develop quantum memories with high fidelity, high efficiency and long storage time. Recently, we demonstrate that it is feasible to achieve a high storage efficiency of 92% for electromagnetically-induced-transparency (EIT)-based memory with weak coherent signal pulses in cold atomic ensembles [1]. To realize the highly-efficient memory with quantum light, we have built a bright and narrowband photon-pair source which can be locked to atomic transition based on the cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down conversion [2]. Here, we present our results on the storage of single photons generated by such a source in EIT-based memories. A storage efficiency of 36% is obtained in initial runs. Future improvements toward a high efficiency are discussed. Such a development paves the way for the applications of photon-pair-based quantum repeater and multi-photon synchronization.
We describe a fiber-coupled parametric down-conversion (PDC) source designed for entanglement-enhanced twophoton absorption experiments. The key feature of the source is a narrowband (~1 MHz) UV diode pumping laser which can be tuned to match the energy of the 5S1/2 to 5D5/2 two-photon transition in Rubidium. The weak narrowband pumping beam is delivered to the PDC crystal through a single-mode fiber, which allows the source to be pre-aligned with a much stronger broadband auxiliary pump laser. The motivation for this PDC source lies within the context of Linear Optics Quantum Computing and Quantum Zeno Gates.
Coherent control of femtosecond two-photon absorption in the intermediate-field regime is analyzed in detail in the powerful frequency domain using an extended 4th-order perturbative description. The corresponding absorption is coherently induced by the weak-field non-resonant two-photon transitions as well as by four-photon transitions involving three absorbed photons and one emitted photons. The interferences between these two groups of transitions lead to a difference between the intermediate-field and weak-field absorption dynamics. The corresponding interference nature (constructive or destructive) strongly depends on the detuning direction of the pulse spectrum from half the two-photon transition frequency. The model system of the study is atomic sodium, for which both experimental and theoretical results are obtained. The detailed understanding obtained here serves as a basis for coherent control with rationally-shaped femtosecond pulses in a regime of sizable absorption yields.
The ability to control light with light at ultralow powers has been a major avenue of research in photonics with applications to optical communications, computation, and signal processing. Such light-by-light scattering is achieved in a medium with a strong light-matter interaction, and for the development of quantum information networks it is important to demonstrate such effects near the single-photon level. Alkali-metal vapors such as rubidium (Rb) enable strong light-matter interactions due to the large cross section per atom and well-defined energy level structure, while the use of optical fibers offers the advantage of possible integration with modern optical communication systems. Hollow-core photonic band-gap fibers (PBGFs) can combine both these technologies such that both the atoms and the optical fields are transversely confined to a region that is a few wavelengths in size, which offers the prospect of exploring few-photon nonlinear interactions. We generate large optical depths in such a Rb-PBGF system, and the tight light confinement, high vapor density and long interaction length allow us to perform nonlinear optics at ultralow power. We demonstrate large signal amplification (>100) and frequency conversion using a four-wave mixing process with only microwatts of pump power. This is, to our knowledge, the largest gain observed at such low power. We perturb the coherence of this four-wave mixing to demonstrate all-optical modulation at unprecedented bandwidths (~300 MHz) for an atomic-vapor system, with an energy density of only tens of pho- tons per atomic cross-section, comparable to that achieved in more elaborate setups based on cold-atomic clouds. We then demonstrate an enhancement of several orders of magnitude in degenerate two-photon absorption in our RbPBGF system over that achieved in bulk vapor cells in a focused beam geometry. This allows us to directly measure two-photon absorption from a beam by detecting its intensity on a photodiode. Further, employing a near-resonant, non-degenerate two-photon transition in Rb, we demonstrate all-optical intensity modulation with just a few photons (<20), or only a few attojoules of energy, at relatively large bandwidths (~50 MHz) for such a sensitive scheme. This result takes us to within an order of magnitude of single-photon switching, and improves upon previous experiments for freely propagating optical fields, including those in cold-atoms. Finally, we produce relatively large cross-phase shifts of a few milliradians on a meter beam with <20 signal photons by tuning slightly away from resonance on the same non-degenerate two-photon transition. This corresponds to a phase shift of 0.3 milliradian per photon, with a fast response time of <5 ns. This represents, to our knowledge, the largest such nonlinear phase shift induced in a single-pass through a room temperature medium. Our Rb-PBGF system can thus potentially be employed to realize weak-nonlinearity based quantum computation and quantum non-demolition measurement of photon number. Through these experiments, we show the potential of a Rb-PBGF system for exploring quantum nonlinear optics at ultralow powers. Moreover, our system is simpler and easier to control and manipulate than setups based on cold atomic clouds and/or high-finesse cavities, and holds promise for integration with fiber-optic communication networks.