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AIP conference proceedings

Optical bistability in nonlinear long period fiber grating

Vishal Jain, Santosh Pawar, SHUBHADA KUMBHAJ, Pratima Sen

Published Jan 1, 2020• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The nonlinear phenomena of optical bistablity is investigated analytically in chalcogenide glass long period fiber grating. Using the basic sets of nonlinear coupled mode equation the expression for the transmittivity of grating has been derived under nonlinear Kerr regime. To examine the bistable charateristics of the grating, the operating wavelength is considerd slightly above the resonance wavelength of 1550 nm i.e. for off resonance condition where detuning parameter δ≠0. It is observed that the intensity of the transmitted wave increases with increasing input intensity and reaches its maximum value at particular intensity. On gradual reduction of the input intensity, the transmitted intensity does not retrace the same path, resulting in a hysteresis loop. This hysteresis loop shows that the LPFG supports the occurrence of optical bistability.

DOI
10.1063/5.0000468

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The nonlinear phenomena of optical bistablity is investigated analytically in chalcogenide glass long period fiber grating. Using the basic sets of nonlinear coupled mode equation the expression for the transmittivity of grating has been derived under nonlinear Kerr regime. To examine the bistable charateristics of the grating, the operating wavelength is considerd slightly above the resonance wavelength of 1550 nm i.e. for off resonance condition where detuning parameter δ≠0. It is observed that the intensity of the transmitted wave increases with increasing input intensity and reaches its maximum value at particular intensity. On gradual reduction of the input intensity, the transmitted intensity does not retrace the same path, resulting in a hysteresis loop. This hysteresis loop shows that the LPFG supports the occurrence of optical bistability.
A new use of gratings in nonlinear optics is presented, i.e., the realization of bistable components. The device studied here consist of grating couplers ruled on a Kerr nonlinear medium, which use the guided-wave resonance to increase the local field and thus the nonlinearities. The result is that they are intrinsic bistable optical systems with high-speed, low pumping thresholds, and geometry well adapted to optical integration. First, a linear electromagnetic study of the devices is presented. It follows optimizing the grating parameters in order to get the best coupling between the incident beam and the guided mode inside the corrugated waveguide. Then a graphical construction is given that demonstrates the bistable character of the system in nonlinear optics. Next a nonlinear analysis of the devices is rigorously derived from Maxwell equations. It states precisely the predictions of the graphical construction and allows comparison of the effectiveness of the guided-wave resonance with the surface plasmon resonance in order to reduce the threshold of bistability.
Optical bistability in a nonlinearly reflective fiber grating through the mode coupling between the LP/sub 01/ and counter propagation LP/sub 02/ modes (i,e., the reflective LP/sub 01//spl rlhar2/LP/sub 02/ mode converter) is investigated by using the coupled-mode theory. Both the transmissive and the reflective properties of this nonlinear device are analyzed, which show that the output-versus-input relation exhibits the optical bistability. The switching power and the bistable hysteresis performances are also discussed. In addition, the comparison between the nonlinearly reflective mode converter (LP/sub 01//spl rlhar2/LP/sub 02/) and the nonlinear fiber Bragg grating reflector (i,e., the LP/sub 01/ and counter-propagation LP/sub 01/ modes) is also presented. It is shown that the former has much lower switching power than the latter.>
In order to study optical bistability in a non-linear distributed feedback structure (NLDFB), we have generalized previous work. A mono-mode rectangular waveguide is chosen as the basic configuration for the device, although other guides could be considered. The grating, providing the passive feedback mechanism, has a geometry that can be arbitrarily chosen. Linear absorption is taken into account and the non-linearity is taken to be of the Kerr type. The effect of these three perturbations is treated using the Coupled Mode Theory and the Slowly Varying Envelope Approximation, including the radiation modes. Expressions for the coupling constants due to the three fundamental perturbations are derived and we show that new terms arise due to the interplay between the latter. Our model shows that an extra term, causing a shift of the Braggfrequency occurs in the equations. The analytical expressions are integrated numerically with the proper boundary conditions. Overall reflection and transmission properties of the device are displayed as a function of the intensity, the period of the grating, its length and several other device parameters.
Based on the coupled mode theory, the bistability performance of nonlinear Bragg gratings is analyzed theoretically in terms of elliptic integration. The analytical expression describing the relation between the input intensity and the output intensity is presented. Consequently, the dependence of the bistability on the gratings inner parameters is investigated numerically. The results show that, the bistability performance of the nonlinear Bragg gratings depends not only on the product of the couple coefficient and the grating length but also on the couple coefficient and the gratings length respectively.
Using implicit Rungee-Kutta 4thorder method, we numerically report the optical bistablity and switching exhibited by a π-phase shifted nonlinear FBG with balanced gain and loss. Every control parameter which accounts for the variation in the hysteresis curve exhibited by the system is examined in detail. We begin with assessing the role of device length on the optical bistability and find that our system can exhibit switching at very short length of the fiber. Subsequently, the influence of coupling constant, detuning parameter and the nonlinearity on the switching power is also studied. The device exhibits switching at extremely low input intensities. Also, the effect of including the PT-symmetry on the switching characteristics of the device is investigated in brief.