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Optical Technologies for Telecommunications (OTT)

Multi-channel system of quantum key distribution with frequency coding based on the AMPM-PMAM electro-optical scheme

Ildaris M. Gabdulkhakov

Published May 22, 2020• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we propose the option of constructing a multi-channel system of quantum key distribution with frequency coding based on the AMPM-PMAM electro-optical scheme, using a Comb generator, multiplexer and demultiplexer to form a set of parallel quantum subchannels. The AMPM-PMAM work of the QKD system is based on the modulation conversion of the photon carrier based on the Ilyin-Morozov method and its one- and two-modulator implementations. The application of this scheme will significantly increase the transmission speed of the quantum key, allow the use of several levels of cryptographic protection, reduce the likelihood of achieving a positive result in PNS attacks of Eve (illegal subscriber) by eliminating the carrier from the structure of the signal transmitted through the quantum key distribution channel, and splitting information about key to different independent quantum channels.

DOI
10.1117/12.2570506

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In this paper, we propose the option of constructing a multi-channel system of quantum key distribution with frequency coding based on the AMPM-PMAM electro-optical scheme, using a Comb generator, multiplexer and demultiplexer to form a set of parallel quantum subchannels. The AMPM-PMAM work of the QKD system is based on the modulation conversion of the photon carrier based on the Ilyin-Morozov method and its one- and two-modulator implementations. The application of this scheme will significantly increase the transmission speed of the quantum key, allow the use of several levels of cryptographic protection, reduce the likelihood of achieving a positive result in PNS attacks of Eve (illegal subscriber) by eliminating the carrier from the structure of the signal transmitted through the quantum key distribution channel, and splitting information about key to different independent quantum channels.
The technology of frequency coding in channels of quantum key distribution allows to determine the ground state of photons through the value of the amplitude of its carrier, frequency modulated in phase (PM) or amplitude (AM) by a radio-frequency signal, and the resulting side components. Over the past twenty years, it has been substantially modified and improved. At the same time, in recent works, an expanded understanding of the frequency coding principle is used, in which each photon state is associated not with the phase of the modulating signal at a certain frequency, but with one or more sideband frequencies or the carrier frequency of the photon itself. The known schemes of electro-optical modulation and remodulation are described by the symmetric pairs PM-PM, AM-AM and AM-PM (PM-AM), where the first component determines the modulator type on the Alice side (legal subscriber - transmitter), and the second one on the side of Bob legal subscriber - receiver). It is noted, that the smallest value of QBER is achieved in schemes with a passive definition of one or two basic states of a photon, i.e. without the use of remodulation processes. The formation of a filter system is carried out using fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) or arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG), tuned to the photon carrier or it sideband components. In this paper, we present the results of constructing a universal system of quantum key distribution (QKD) based on the electro-optical AMPM-PMAM scheme, which makes it possible to realize all the above-mentioned schemes and additionally combined version. At the heart of the AMPMPMAM system of the QKD system is the modulation transformation of the photon carrier based on the Il'inMorozov's method and its one- and two-modulator realizations. For the mathematical description of the scheme, the principles of constructing a single-port modulation microwave photonic link of a sequential type and photon modeling of electro-optical modulators were used. The use of the universal scheme will allow using several levels of cryptographic protection, including switching schemes and protocols, with remodulation and only passive detection. In addition, it should be noted the high spectral efficiency of the Il'in-Morozov's modulation conversion, its spectral purity and the stability of the received characteristics of the output radiation when the conversion parameters deviate from the optimal ones. The possibility of reducing the probability of achieving a positive result in PNS attacks by Eva (illegal subscriber) is shown by eliminating the carrier of the signal transmitted via the quantum channel from the structure of the key distribution.
The technology of frequency coding in channels of quantum key distribution allows to determine the ground state of photons through the value of the amplitude of its carrier, frequency modulated in phase (PM) or amplitude (AM) by a radio-frequency signal, and the resulting side components. Over the past twenty years, it has been substantially modified and improved. At the same time, in recent works, an expanded understanding of the frequency coding principle is used, in which each photon state is associated not with the phase of the modulating signal at a certain frequency, but with one or more sideband frequencies or the carrier frequency of the photon itself. In this paper, we present the results of constructing a frequency coding system of quantum key distribution (QKD) based on the serial electro-optical photon amplitude modulation and phase commutation. The possibility of reducing the probability of achieving a positive result in PNS attacks by Eva is shown by eliminating the carrier of the signal transmitted via the quantum channel from the structure of the key distribution. It was early noted, that the smallest value of QBER is achieved in schemes with a passive definition of one or two basic states of a photon, i.e. without the use of remodulation processes, that is realized in considering. Additionally it is not necessary to form a notch filter system, which is usually carried out using fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) or arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) for discrimination the photon carrier and its sideband components.
Design principles of universal microwave photonics system (MPS) for quantum key distribution (QKD) with frequency coding are concerned. Its main modulation concept lies in single photon generation on sidebands of optical carrier and determination of photons ground state through its registration and the amplitude value of its carrier frequency as reference channel. So, it is necessary to solve problems of signal-to-carrier ratio of single photon detector (SPD) and aspects of photon number splitting (PNS) attack, nonlinear phase modulation (NPM) between carrier and sidebands in fiber, and finally, spectral selection of carrier in receiver. The technologies, based on the modulation conversion of an optical carrier, are widely used in microwave photonics. Due to the natural symmetry of modulated signals and the highest achievable ratio of the modulation conversions, amplitude-phase modulation with complete or partial suppression of the optical carrier has found a particularly wide application in MPS. The characteristics of advanced MPS for QKD with frequency coding and carrier suppression based on tandem amplitude modulation and phase commutation are presented. New systems can have classical symmetric or non-classical asymmetric structure for QKD based only on spectral selection of carrier and subcarriers without re-modulation.
Design principals of universal microwave photonics system for quantum key distribution with frequency coding are concerned. Its concept is based on the possibility of creating the multi-functional units to implement the most commonly used technologies of frequency coding: amplitude, phase and combined amplitude-phase modulation and re-modulation of optical carrier. The characteristics of advanced systems based on classical approaches and prospects of their development using a combination of amplitude modulation and phase commutation are discussed. These are the valuations how to build advanced systems with frequency coding quantum key distribution, including at their symmetric and asymmetric constructions, using of the mechanisms of the photon polarization states passive detection, based on the filters for wavelength division multiplexing of modulated optical carrier side components.
We propose a decoy-state method to increase key generation rate of frequency-coded (FC) implementation of B92 quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol. Direct application of decoy-state method to FC-QKD results in a security loophole. We overcome this loophole by optimizing the ratio of decoy-to-signal carrier photon number to unity. Simulation results for a single-channel FC-QKD show 16 kbits of raw key length at a transmission distance of 70 km. We then extend the decoy-state method to subcarrier-multiplexed FC-QKD. We show that key generation rate and secure link length improves by a factor of 5 and 40 km, respectively, compared to single-carrier with decoy-state method.