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How to create entanglement among 100 spatial modes with a single photonic lattice

David Barral, Kamel Bencheikh, Juan Ariel Levenson, Nadia Belabas

Published May 14, 2020• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Multimode entanglement is an essential resource for quantum networks. Continuous-variable encoding of quantum information in the optical domain has recently yielded large temporal and spectral entangled states instrumental for quantum computing and quantum communication. We introduce a protocol for the generation of spatial multipartite entanglement in a monolithic photonic device: the array of quadratic nonlinear waveguides. We theoretically demonstrate the generation of large multipartite entangled states in the spontaneous parametric downconversion regime. Our protocol is remarkably simple and robust as it does not rely on specific values of coupling, nonlinearity or length of the sample.

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Multimode entanglement is an essential resource for quantum networks. Continuous-variable encoding of quantum information in the optical domain has recently yielded large temporal and spectral entangled states instrumental for quantum computing and quantum communication. We introduce a protocol for the generation of spatial multipartite entanglement in a monolithic photonic device: the array of quadratic nonlinear waveguides. We theoretically demonstrate the generation of large multipartite entangled states in the spontaneous parametric downconversion regime. Our protocol is remarkably simple and robust as it does not rely on specific values of coupling, nonlinearity or length of the sample.
Continuous-variable encoding of quantum information in the optical domain has recently yielded large temporal and spectral entangled states instrumental for quantum computing and quantum communication.We introduce a protocol for the generation of spatial multipartite entanglement based on phase-matching of a propagation eigenmode in a monolithic photonic device: the array of quadratic nonlinear waveguides.We theoretically demonstrate in the spontaneous parametric downconversion regime the generation of large multipartite entangled states useful for multimode quantum networks.Our protocol is remarkably simple and robust as it does not rely on specific values of coupling, nonlinearity, or length of the sample.
Encoding continuous-variable quantum information in the optical domain has recently enabled the generation of large entangled states, yet robust implementation remains a challenge. Here, we present a straightforward protocol for generating multipartite entanglement based on spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a circular array of quadratic nonlinear waveguides. We provide a rigorous theoretical framework, including comprehensive derivations of the propagation equations and the identification of regimes where analytical solutions are possible. Crucially, our approach identifies the pump and detection configurations required to sustain and measure multipartite full inseparability across arbitrary propagation distances and for any number of waveguides N=4nN=4 nN=4n. This regime, elusive to standard numerical methods, represents a key requirement for scalable quantum protocols. Our scheme is inherently robust as it relies on phase-matched propagation eigenmodes, making it resilient against variations in sample length, coupling, and nonlinearity.
Multimode entanglement is an essential resource for quantum information in continuous-variable systems. Light-based quantum technologies will arguably not be built upon table-top bulk setups, but will presumably rather resort to integrated optics. Sequential bulk opticslike proposals based on cascaded integrated interferometers are not scalable with the current state-of-the-art low-loss materials used for continuous variables. We analyze the multimode continuous-variable entanglement capabilities of a compact currently available integrated bulk-optics analog: the array of nonlinear waveguides. We theoretically demonstrate that this simple and compact structure, together with a reconfigurable input pump distribution and multimode coherent detection of the output modes, is a versatile entanglement synthesizer in the spatial domain. We exhibit this versatility through analytical and numerically optimized multimode squeezing, entanglement, and cluster-state generation in different encodings. Our results re-establish spatial encoding as a contender in the game of continuous-variable quantum information processing.
We show that arrays of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}$ nonlinear waveguides in the second-harmonic generation regime are a promising source of continuous-variable entanglement. We indeed demonstrate analytically that optical arrays with an odd number of waveguides injected with the zero-eigenvalue fundamental supermode entangle this fundamental supermode with a collective harmonic field. Moreover, the fundamental individual modes are multipartite entangled and their entanglement grows with propagation length. The device is scalable, robust to losses, does not rely on specific values of nonlinearity and coupling, and is easily realized with current technology. It thus stands as an unprecedented candidate for generation of multipartite continuous-variable entanglement for optical quantum information processing.
Harnessing high-dimensional entangled states of light presents a frontier for advancing quantum information technologies, from fundamental tests of quantum mechanics to enhanced computation and communication protocols. In this context, the spatial degree of freedom stands out as particularly suited for on-chip integration. But while traditional demonstrations produce and manipulate path-entangled states sequentially with discrete optical elements, continuously-coupled nonlinear waveguide systems offer a promising alternative where photons can be generated and interfere along the entire propagation length, unveiling novel capabilities within a reduced footprint. Here we exploit this concept to implement a compact and reconfigurable source of path-entangled photon pairs based on parametric down-conversion in semiconductor AlGaAs nonlinear waveguides arrays.
We study the possibility of generating continuous-variable (CV) entanglement on an integrated chip through nonlinear optical waveguides coupled in a circular array. We show the simultaneous generation and manipulation of multimode CV entangled states of light in χ (2) nonlinear circular arrays (NCAs), a feat unattainable with linear optical waveguides and bulk optical elements. These weakly coupled integrated waveguide arrays are compact and can be fabricated using the femtosecond laser writing technique. This technique offers interferometric stability, scalability, and less sensitivity to decoherence. Our study investigates the potential of NCA to generate bipartite and tripartite CV entanglement. We present analytical results and numerical simulations based on coupled-mode equations for the evolution of field operators. Our findings suggest promising applications of compact on-chip sources in various photonic quantum technologies, such as communication, computing, and networking.